Describe the Anatomy & Physiology of the Immune System

Question 1

The Immune System protects the body from:

Answer 1

Disease-causing agents known as Pathogens

Question 2

What is composed of both Innate Defense and Adaptive Defense?

Answer 2

The Immune System

Question 3

Is Innate Defense considered a specific or nonspecific response to Pathogens?

Answer 3

Nonspecific

Question 4

Is Adaptive Defense considered a specific or nonspecific response to Pathogens?

Answer 4

Specific

Question 5

What are the 3 lines of defense in the Innate Immune System and what do each of them do?

Answer 5

1st line: Skin, Mucus, Secretions - keeps pathogens from entering the body
2nd line: Phagocytes, Specific Proteins, and Inflammatory Response) - fights pathogens that have entered the body
3rd line: Adaptive Immune System

Question 6

What do Lymphocytes, such as B cells and various types of T cells, do?

Answer 6

They fight pathogens and retain memory of the specific pathogen

Question 7

The Immune Systems prevents entry of pathogens through the presence of:

Answer 7

Barriers composed of the skin and secretions such as acid, enzymes, and salt

Question 8

What happens when the external barriers are breached?

Answer 8

There are cells and chemicals that act as soldiers to attack the pathogens

Question 9

What happens if the barrier fails?

Answer 9

The Adaptive Immune System specifically identifies, targets, and remembers the pathogens

Question 10

Pathogens can enter:

Answer 10

Through body openings of the Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive Systems; Injuries can also create ways for Pathogens to enter

Question 11

What system is critical to the functioning of the Immune System and why?

Answer 11

The Lymph System because pathogens from the blood circulate through the lymph also

Question 12

Where do B cells and T cells reside and when are they activated?

Answer 12

They reside in the Lymph Nodes and are activated when a pathogen is encountered

Question 13

What is the Innate System?

Answer 13

A series of nonspecific barriers- physical, cellular, and soluble components- that impede pathogens from entering the body or from multiplying

Question 14

What do External Barriers from the Innate System include?

Answer 14

The physical barrier of the skin, and mucus secretions; chemical barriers, such as low pH, salt, enzymes; and cellular barrier of commensal microorganisms

Question 15

If the pathogen breaches the barriers and enters the blood or tissues, what happens?

Answer 15

A second line of defense is activated

Question 16

What responses releases Histamines, increasing not only blood flow to the area but also the number of white blood cells to the area?

Answer 16

Inflammatory Response

Question 17

What is another term for White Blood Cells?

Answer 17

Phagocytes

Question 18

Phagocytes in the Inflammatory Response destroy:

Answer 18

Bacteria

Question 19

What are Interferons?

Answer 19

Proteins that interfere with the production of new viruses and are released if a virus enters the body

Question 20

Fevers are used by the body to:

Answer 20

Speed up the immune response

Question 21

Internal Barriers from the Innate System include:

Answer 21

Antimicrobial peptides and “Natural Killer” (NK) lymphocyte cells that attack host cells that harbor intracellular pathogens

Question 22

What are the two general responses to specific pathogens from the Adaptive Immune System?

Answer 22

Cellular or Humoral

Question 23

What does a Cellular Response do?

Answer 23

Destroys the infected cell

Question 24

What does the Humoral Response do?

Answer 24

Destroys pathogens found in body fluids using antibodies secreted by B cells

Question 25

How does the Adaptive Immune System respond?

Answer 25

By remembering signature molecules called "antigens:" from pathogens to which the body has previously been exposed

Question 26

What are the Adaptive Immune System's functional cells?

Answer 26

Lymphocytes called T cells and B cells

Question 27

What are Antigen-Presenting Cells? (APCs)

Answer 27

They digest pathogens and present the pathogen's antigen signature to "helper" T cells. Example: Microphages

Question 28

What cell is activated depending on the type of antigen presented to the helper T cell?

Answer 28

Either the Cytotoxic T cell or a B cell

Question 29

Helper T cells produce ___ to activate a Cytotoxic T cell

Answer 29

Cytokines

Question 30

Can the helper T cell activate B cells in response to a specific pathogen?

Answer 30

Yes

Question 31

The Helper T cell induces the B cell to:

Answer 31

Multiply rapidly into secretory cells called "plasma cells"

Question 32

Plasma cells produce large amounts of an antibody that can bind the ___ and ___ also clone into memory cells at the same time to allow the body to remember a specific Antigen

Answer 32

Antigen, B Cells

Question 33

What happens when the Antigen appears again in the body?

Answer 33

Memory cells form plasma cells, which quickly produces the specific antibody to the antigen

Question 34

What are the two ways to protect the body through either passive introduction of antibodies as a protective agent or its active production by the body?

Answer 34

Passive and Active Immunity

Question 35

Can both Passive and Active Immunity be induced artifically?

Answer 35

Yes

Question 36

What do Vaccinations do?

Answer 36

They introduce antigens that are weakened or killed to elicit an immune response

Question 37

What introduces antibodies from another source that can rapidly neutralize toxins?

Answer 37

Passive Immunity

Question 38

What is an example of Passive Immunity?

Answer 38

Rapid treatment for a snake bite

Question 39

Many diseases are caused by:

Answer 39

A malfunction of the Immune System

Question 40

Under-activity of the Immune System can cause:

Answer 40

Components to be ineffective

Question 41

Caused by the Human Immunideficiency Virus (HIV) and affects helper T cells and prevents them from activating cytotoxic T cells and B cells and prevents the Adaptive Immune System from operating

Answer 41

Acquired Immune Deficiency (AIDS)

Question 42

Overactive Immune Systems can target:

Answer 42

Innocuous foreign particles like pollen, causing the body to overproduce huge amounts of antibodies that trigger a histamine release from mast cells, which result in allergy symptoms, such as sneezing and mucus secretion

Question 43

What is Autoimmune Disease?

Answer 43

A condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body

Question 44

Name some examples of Autoimmune Disease:

Answer 44

Type 1 Diabetes, Rheumatoid Arthritis, and Multiple Sclerosis

Question 45

What does the Immune System work hand and hand with other Systems for?

Answer 45

To transport immune cells, signaling molecules, and antibodies throughout the body

Question 46

The Circulatory System transports __ ___ ___ throughout the body

Answer 46

White Blood Cells

Question 47

The Lymphatic System produces ___

Answer 47

Lymphocytes

Question 48

The Vessels in the Lymph System drain fluid from body tissues and deliver foreign material to the lymph nodes to be processed by:

Answer 48

Lymphocytes

Question 49

Red Bone Marrow produces ___ ___ ___

Answer 49

White Blood Cells

Question 50

What System functions as the first line of defense for most of the body?

Answer 50

The Integumentary System