developing through the lifespan Flashcards by Makenna Inman

3 issues

nature and nurture
continuity and stages
stability and change

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study 1 group of subjects over a considerable period of time

longitudinal

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individuals may not represent whole population
time consuming
more expensive
can be difficult maintaining contact

disadvantages of longitudinal

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will provide most accurate account of behavioral changes

advantages of longitudinal

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many age groups of subjects (cohorts)

study at the same time

cross-sectional

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cohort not typical

disadvantage of cross sectional

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saves time and money

easier to maintain contact

advantage to cross sectional

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begins as different study of cohorts, then follows cohorts longitudinally
mix of 2 up

cohort sequential

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1921
found 1528 gifted kids (termites)
IQ 135 and up
1% of students
went to 2010

lewis termin

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results of lewis termin experiment as kids

taller, heavier, stronger, more active socially, matured faster

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results or lewis termin as adults

became socially, physically, academically, vocationally superior

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most famous termite

richard nixon

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development spreads downward from head to feet

cephalocaudal deviation

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development starts at center of body and spreads outwards

promo distal deviation

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sequential unfolding of inherited pre-dispositions

walking

maturation

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ranked #1

BF skinner

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ranked #2

piaget

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2 criticisms of piaget

development more gradual than stages applied

understimated cognitive skills of children

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higher levels of social behavior

passive behavior grows while 1 little play w little boy

preschool

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spend 11 times more with same sec

age 6 1/2

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95% same sex friendships

preschool

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fewer but more intimate friendships

girls

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boys are oriented towards rough and tumble play

girls have difficulty influencing boys

sec segregation

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sexes separate

age 8-adolescence

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AAUW

1992

1992 AAUW get less attention from teachers

girls

teachers ask academic questions 80% more of who 1992 AAUW

boys

school curriculum ignores/ stereotypes females standardized tests biased against girls girls get fewer college scholarships girls get better grades in school, more likely to go to college

1992 | AAUW

girls were taking more maths and sciences careers were still based upon stereotypes girls getting broader education boys are twice as likely to be put in special ed boys begin disliking school pre frontal cortex helps to understand things in school

1998 | follow up

transition period when you grow out of childhood into adulthood

adolescences

stuck between childhood and adult

tweenager

independent identity rebellion frustration and conflict

did first normal study on adolescence storm and stress most adolescents have strong relationships with parents time of slightly increased arguments teens with parents who do not care are more antisocial

g stanley hall

reasons for adolescents

no definite point of becoming an adult in america | the purpose of adolescence is to give you the proper training you need to become an adult

each stage marked by a conflict or crisis that must be overcome (positive or negative) theory previously called eight ages of man

background info of erik erickson’s theory

first year infants need to develop a sense of security and build social attachment with a caregiver harry harlow mary ainsworth

trust vs mistrust

physical contact more important than nourishment in promoting infant attachment in infant monkeys

harry harlow

securely attached vs insecurely attaches infants | infants with mothers who are sensitive, accepting, and affectionate will become more securely starched

mary ainsworth

2nd year toddlers | need to achieve a sense of independence from parents

autonomy vs shame and doubt

3-5 years | need to behave in a spontaneous but socially appropriate way

initiative vs guilt

6- puberty | need to develop a sense of self confidence and competency

industry vs inferiority

came up with the three styles of parenting permissive authoritarian authoritative

diana baumrind

set few rules and rarely punish misbehavior

permissive

lots of strict rules and punishment

authoritarian

warm and loving, yet insist that kids behave appropriately

authoritative

more likely to become socially competent, independent, and responsible

children with authoritative parents

adolescence need to develop a sense of identity by adopting ones own set of values and social behaviors the breakfast club

identity card role confusion

young adulthood (20-40) need to form close personal relationships friends

intimacy vs isolation

middle adulthood | need to become less self absorbed and more concerned with the well being of others

generativity vs stagnation

more common in men most typically occurs from ages 35-45 believe life goals will not be achieved, or if achieved, will seem transient in face of the inevitability of death time to reassess goals and aspirations not all men experience it life dreams of women tend to be different and more complex

midlife crisis

late adulthood need to reflect back on a meaningful life and enjoy a sense of satisfaction retirement, loneliness, death of spouse individuals who engage in complex activities can generate new synapses in the brain

integrity vs despair

does erickson’s theory apply in all settings

probably not

may not reflect differences in personality development between men and women

erickson criticism

erickson’s theory based on study of males who place greater premium on development of self sufficiency than do females who focus more on intimate relationships in which there is mutual caring

carol gilligan

top two reasons men and women choose for being happily married

my spouse is my best friend | i like my spouse as a person

birth-2 years | babies learning through senses and actions

sensorimotor stage

concept or framework that organizes and interprets information mental model

schema

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

assimilation

adapting our current understandings or schemas to incorporate new information

accommodation

the awareness that objects continue to exist even when they are not perceived

object permanence

6-7 years | able to represent things with words and images but too young to perform mental operations

preoperational stage

imagining an action and mentally reversing it

operations

a child thinking of a model as a symbol for the actual object

symbolic thinking

pre operational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

egocentrism

7 years | if given physical materials, they begin to learn that change in form, does not mean change in quantity

concrete operational stage

begin to comprehend simple math problems

mathematical transformations

grasping concrete analogies | pouring milk

conservation

understanding that operations can be undone

reversibility

ability to understand the hierarchical nature of classification

class inclusion