Learning Flashcards by Makenna Inman

classical conditioning (respondent, pavlonian)
E. B. twitmyer

ivan pavlov

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classical conditioning of an aversion to a taste that has been associated w a noxious stimulus
kids who get chemo

conditioned taste adversion

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replace one CR to a stimulus w another (usually incompatible) response
alcohol- antabuse
fear, anxiety, phobias

counter conditioning

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form of CC that involves learning to relax in presence of feared object
counter conditioning

desensitization

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process of learning to avoid an unpleasant stimulus

eurisis

avoidance conditioning

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this treats the symptoms, not the underlying problems

avoidance conditioning

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celebrity’s in ads

pavlovs legacy (association)

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learning by making mistakes, until you find the correct solution

trial and error

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used cats for research
puzzle box: 5 cats involved, 3 trials (time and errors)
got faster with less mistakes each time

edward L thorndike

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behavior followed by satisfying is strengthened

annoying led to weakened

law of effect

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BF skinner
rats and pigeons
instrumental
skinnerian

operant conditioning

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relationship between behaviors and concequences

same as law of effect

behavioral contingencies

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strengthening of SR relationship by following the response with reinforcement

operant

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what happens after subject responds (respect or no)

key

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stimulus that increases the probability of the response it follows reoccurringly

reinforcer

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same as puzzle box but attempt to get food

skinner box

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gradually teach a behavior in step by step process

reinforcement of successive approximations

shaping

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positively reinforce each behavior in a sequence

chaining

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tendency to make the same response to similar stimuli

other bell sounds made the dogs salivate

generalization

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tendency to respond to similar stimuli in different ways

discrimination

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the dying out of an established conditioned response as a result of presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus
remember the dinosaurs
the stronger the CR, the longer extinction takes
some CRs are difficult to extinguish
fear

extinction

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reappearance after a period of time of a conditioned response that has been subjected to extinction

spontaneous recovery

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a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus (bell) comes to elicit a response (salivation) after being associated with a stimulus (meat) that already elicits that response (salivation)

classical conditioning

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UCS

stimulus that automatically elicits a particular unconditioned response (meat)

unconditioned stimulus

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UCR | unlearned, automatic response to a particular conditioned stimulus (salivation)

unconditioned response

CS a neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a particular conditioned response after being paired with a particular unconditioned stimulus that already elicits that response (bell)

conditioned stimulus

CR | the new, learned response given to a particular conditioned stimulus (salivation)

conditioned response

which is weaker CR or UCR

the greater the intensity of the UCS and the greater the number of pairings of CS and UCS...

the greater the strength of conditioning

what is important between CS and UCS

time interval

CS presenter first and remains until atleast onset of UCS | ideal time for CS to occur is 1/2 second before UCS

delayed conditioning

CS presented first and ends before onset of UCS | requires that a memory trace of CS be retained until onset of UCS

trace conditioning

CS and UCS presented together

simultaneous conditioning

onset of UCS precedes onset of CS

backward conditioning

produces strong conditioning, trace conditioning produces moderately strong conditioning

delayed conditioning

produces weak conditioning, while backward is least effective

simultaneous conditioning

social learning theory/ observational learning

albert bandura

maintained that new behavior is learned primarily though observation and imitation called a person whom we use as an example of how to behave a model if a subject is rewarded for imitating models behavior, it will be strengthened can promote undesirable as well as desirable behaviors

social learning theory / observational learning

social learning theory | preschool kids watching adults interact with bobo

classic study

insight

wolfgang kohler

the relatively sudden perception of relationships that results in the prompt solution of a problem

insight

classic study of insight

sultan | aha experience

an active process that involves organizing info, making comparisons, and forming new associations

cognitive learning

focuses on the internal, mental processing of info blend of S-R and gestalt psychology recent decades- cognitive revolution in learning theory in psychology

cognitive learning

latent learning | cognitive map

edward chase tolman

learning that occurs without the reinforcement of overt behavior

latent learning

learning is not immediately revealed in performance but is revealed later when reinforcement is provided for performance classic study with three groups of rats running maze

latent learning

a mental map formed when a subject learns the makeup of its environment and is then able to find its way around in it learn what to expect in a situation “what leads to what”

cognitive map

felt that rats formed cognitive maps in learning to run maze but didn’t use it until reinforced for doing so

tolman

modern day example of cognitive map

brain researcher leslie hart

for optimal effectiveness, reinforce the correct response as soon as possible

immediacy effect

reinforce all correct responses

continuous

reinforce some but not all correct responses

intermittent (partial)

which results in faster learning

continuous

which is more resistant to extinction

intermittent

set number of correct responses

fixed ratio

set time period

fixed interval

changing number of correct responses

variable ratio

changing time period

variable interval

which is more resistant to extinction

variable

a direct, automatic, unlearned reinforcer which satisfies a biological need food, water

primary

a conditioned reinforcer that becomes reinforcing by being associated with a primary reinforcer reward of money

secondary

attempt to change undesired behaviors through use of OC principles token economy

behavior modification

learning new material with OC principles | skinner said it would double learning

programmed instruction

step by step go at your own pace immediate reinforcement active responding

advantages of OC

boring missing social interaction need motivation

disadvantage of OC

learn to voluntarily regulate bodily functions | high blood pressure, migraines

biofeedback

already justifiable activity becomes over justified by promise of added reward

over justification effect