cognition

Question 1

thought process by which you overcome obstacles to reach a goal

Answer 1

problem solving

Question 2

positive strategies when faced with a problem

Answer 2

attack the problem
retreat
go around the barrier
seek expert opinion
change the goal
change yourself

Question 3

negative strategies when faced with a problem

Answer 3

worrying
whining 
whimpering
wailing
wetting yourself

Question 4

3 characteristics of good problem solvers

Answer 4

intelligence
flexibility
experience

Question 5

vague formulation of the problem

Answer 5

inadequate

Question 6

use of a past successful strategy, but may interfere with future strategies

Answer 6

mental set

Question 7

problems can be solved by using a familiar object in an unusual way, but you do not realize

Answer 7

functional fixedness

Question 8

inadequate
interference
lack of strategy
mental set
functional fixedness

Answer 8

barriers to problem solving

Question 9

do animals communicate

Answer 9

yes

Question 10

do animals have a true spoken language

Answer 10

no

Question 11

chunks raised in human homes like humans

Answer 11

gua and vicki

Question 12

average child’s age when first words are spoken

Answer 12

12 months

Question 13

certain time during development when an individual can learn a specific behavior most easily

Answer 13

critical period

Question 14

language is acquired solely through the process of learning 
imitation (bandura)
reinforcement (BF skinner)
older theory
not as popular today

Answer 14

learning theory

Question 15

linguist noam chomsky maintains that infants are born with a predisposition to develop language; inherit a language acquisition device; even though we do have an innate ability to acquire language, we still need to be exposed to a specific language

Answer 15

biologically predetermined theory

Question 16

basic design features of language and stages of language acquisition are universal
infants in all countries make the same pre language sounds
deaf children make same sounds as children with normal hearing
newer theory; more popular today

Answer 16

evidence to support chomsky’s theory

Question 17

both emphasis role of imitation and reinforcement

Answer 17

learning theory

biologically predetermined theory

Question 18

which of the following types of individuals would have more difficulty learning language

Answer 18

an only child

Question 19

the purposeful mental manipulation of words and images

Answer 19

thinking

Question 20

depends on concepts

the mental picture we have of something

Answer 20

thinking

Question 21

how do we form concepts

Answer 21

by looking for how things are the same and different and attaching a label to the concept

Question 22

a formal system of communication involving symbols and rules for combining them

Answer 22

language

Question 23

UCLA study

words

Answer 23

7%

Question 24

UCLA study

35%

Answer 24

intonation

Question 25

how we say things

Answer 25

intonation

Question 26

UCLA study | nonverbals

Answer 26

58%

Question 27

use of symbols to convey thoughts in a meaningful way

Answer 27

semanticity

Question 28

ability to combine words in novel, meaningful ways

Answer 28

generativity

Question 29

ability to refer to objects and events that are not present

Answer 29

displacement

Question 30

ability to produce novel and valuable ideas | ability to tap past experiences and come up with something new, atleast new to that individual

Answer 30

creativity

Question 31

preparation incubation inspiration verification and revision

Answer 31

steps in creative thinking

Question 32

focuses on finding conventional solutions to problems

Answer 32

convergent thinking

Question 33

considers a variety of potential solutions

Answer 33

divergent thinking

Question 34

attempt to solve problems by expressing all possible solutions without stopping to evaluate them

Answer 34

brainstorming

Question 35

weak theory forgetting occurs because memories naturally fade over time learning causes physical change in the brain and this “memory trace” fades and disappears over time little research reported research of wilder penfield disproves this theory

Answer 35

decay theory

Question 36

you forget because other information interferes with remembering

Answer 36

interference theory

Question 37

new memories interfere with the ability to remember old memories

Answer 37

radioactive interference

Question 38

old memories interfere with the ability to remember new memories

Answer 38

proactive interference

Question 39

we are motivated purposefully to forget in order to avoid anxiety

Answer 39

motivation theory

Question 40

unconscious process by which emotionally threatening experiences are made unavailable to recall

Answer 40

repression

Question 41

elizabeth loftus | 25% of adult memories could be false

Answer 41

false memory syndrome

Question 42

the distortion of memories by adding, dropping, or changing details to fit a schema

Answer 42

constructive recall

Question 43

forgetting is due to failure to have or use adequate retrieval cues TOT phenomenon and pen fields research

Answer 43

cue dependence theory

Question 44

recall will be best when environmental cues that were associated with the encoding of a memory are also present during attempts to retrieve it

Answer 44

encoding specicity

Question 45

recall is best when environmental context present during encoding of a memory is also present during attempts at retrieving it visiting old house

Answer 45

context dependent memory

Question 46

recall is best when ones emotional or physiological state is the same during recall of memory as it was during encoding

Answer 46

state dependent memory

Question 47

memories recalled best when in same mood as when memory was encoded; the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood

Answer 47

mood congruent memory

Question 48

ECT disrupts memory certain drugs either block or enhance memory cases of patients either block or enhance memory

Answer 48

distortion of the biochemical memory process

Question 49

most important structure related to memory

Answer 49

hippocampus

Question 50

role of neurotransmitters

Answer 50

acetocholine

Question 51

linked with improvement of memory

Answer 51

blood sugar/ glucose

Question 52

small capacity 20 secs immediate and perfect recall

Answer 52

STM

Question 53

unlimited capacity.. stays forever

Answer 53

LTM

Question 54

retreating info (short answer)

Answer 54

recall

Question 55

to recognize (multiple choice)

Answer 55

recognition

Question 56

method of savings (retest, final, midterm)

Answer 56

relearning