Developmental aspects of lung disease

Question 1

What are the five stages of lung morphogenesis

Answer 1

1. Embryonic
2. Pseudo-glandular
3. Canalicular
4. Saccular
5. Alveolar

Question 2

What two stages are organogenesis

Answer 2

Embryonic

Pseuglandular

Question 3

What occurs in the stage embryonic

Answer 3

The trachea develops form a single tube

Question 4

What does the primary bronchial tubules contain in the embryonic stage

Answer 4

Fluid filled

Question 5

What stage does a primitive looking lung form

Answer 5

Psnedo-glandular

Question 6

What can be seen in the pseudo-glandular stage

Answer 6

Lobes form 
Formation of major airways 
Formation of bronchial tree 
Birth of the acinus 
(a region of the lung supplied with air from one of the terminal bronchioles)

Question 7

Is gas exchange possible in the pseudo-glandular stage?

Answer 7

No

Question 8

What 3 stages are in the differentiation stage of lung morphogenesis

Answer 8

Canalicular
Saccular
Alveolar

Question 9

What change occurs in the canalicular stage

Answer 9

Epithelial differentiates

Formation of air blood barrier - SURFACTANT

Question 10

When does gas exchange become available

Answer 10

at the end of the canalicular stage

Question 11

What also occurs in the saccular stage and alveolar stage

Answer 11

expansion of air spaces with saccules and alveoli

Question 12

What continues postnatal lung growth?

Answer 12

alveolar seperation

Question 13

What happens to the lungs with increasing age

Answer 13

loose lung function (after peaking)

Question 14

What gives the biggest decline in loosing lung function

Answer 14

smoking

Question 15

What lung abnormalities can occur in the embryonic stage

Answer 15

tracheal, laryngeal stenosis -
pulmonary agenesis
tracheo-oesophageal fistula

Question 16

What is tracheoesophageal fistula

Answer 16

is an abnormal connection (fistula) between the esophagus and the trachea

Question 17

What is tracheal, laryngeal stenosis

Answer 17

Narrowing of the trachea

Question 18

What is pulmonary agenesis

Answer 18

Failure of lung development

Question 19

What is the lung abnormalities than can occur in the Pseudoglandular stage

Answer 19

pulmonary sequestration
cystadenomatoid malformation
cyst formation

Question 20

What is pulmonary sequestration

Answer 20

nonfunctioning mass of normal lung tissue located in the lower respiratory tract

Question 21

What is Cystadenomatoid malformation

Answer 21

when an entire lobe of lung is replaced by a non-working cystic piece of abnormal lung tissue

Question 22

When does diaphragm closure occur

Answer 22

18 weeks

Question 23

What is two examples of diaphragm abnormalities

Answer 23

Diaphragmatic hernia

Eventration

Question 24

What is eventration of the diaphragm

Answer 24

protrusion of contents of the abdomen through a defect or weakness in the abdominal wall

Question 25

What is Diaphragmatic hernia

Answer 25

an abnormal opening in the diaphragm

Question 26

What is the effects of Diaphragmatic hernia

Answer 26

pulmonary hypoplasia | leading to persistent pulmonary hypertension

Question 27

Define Pulmonary hypoplasia

Answer 27

incomplete development of the lungs, resulting in an abnormally low number or size of bronchopulmonary segments or alveoli

Question 28

Where is Diaphragmatic hernia more common and why?

Answer 28

On the left side as the liver on your right can potentially plug the hole

Question 29

What two functional changes happen at birth

Answer 29

Change from fluid secretion of saline to breathing in air | Pulmonary vasodilatation

Question 30

What occurs in Transient tachypnea in new borns

Answer 30

there hasn't been a rapid shift from fluid secretion in the lungs and the baby is struggling to breathe in air

Question 31

What is the name of a surfactant deficiency

Answer 31

Hyaline Membrane Disease (RDS)

Question 32

What is the treatment for surfactant deficiency

Answer 32

Antenatal glucocorticoids - stimulate surfacant Surfactant replacement Oxygen CPAP - keep airways open with positive pressure Mechanical ventilation

Question 33

What can chronic neonatal diseases increase the risk of

Answer 33

severity bronchiolitis asthma future COPD

Question 34

What can be a cause of surfactant deficiency

Answer 34

Being born to premature

Question 35

What features of antental increase the risk of COPD development

Answer 35

in utero nicotine exposure - mother smoking nutrition low birth weight/prematurity (antenatal steroids) micronutrients/vitamins

Question 36

What features of postnatal increase the risk of COPD development

Answer 36

infection - reduce lung function growth - don't grow as well environmental pollution e.g. tobacco smoke micronutrients/vitamins

Question 37

What is the affect of Antenatal programming, environmental exposures or gene interactions

Answer 37

Lung remodelling

Question 38

Does low lung function improve with age?

Answer 38

No