Introduction and anatomy of lungs, airways and blood supply

Question 1

What are the four functions of the respiratory system

Answer 1

Gas exchange – Oxygen added to the blood from the air, carbon dioxide removed from the blood into the air.
Acid base balance – regulation of body pH
Protection from infection
Communication via speech

Question 2

What is the pH of the acid base balance maintained by the respiratory system

Answer 2

pH 7.4

Question 3

What mechanism of the nose protects you from infection

Answer 3

Its in contact with the external environment, and is lined with lymphoid tissue which scan particles coming in
Mucous production traps particles
Cila present

Question 4

What is cilla

Answer 4

pseustratified columnar epithelium

Question 5

How does the respiratory system allow communication

Answer 5

When expiring the air over vocal chords causes vibration which are then refined to make words

Question 6

What is the significance of gas exchange

Answer 6

The oxygen gained allows ATP generation

removes CO2 as the waste product

Question 7

For external respiration to occur what is needed?

Answer 7

The integration of the cardiovascular system with the respiratory system

Question 8

What is the name of the two circulation involved in external respiration

Answer 8

Pulmonary circulation

Systemic circulation

Question 9

What is the purpose of the systemic circulation and where does it take place?

Answer 9

Takes place in the capillaries, picking CO2 up from the blood and taking it to the lungs, while delivering oxygen to the blood

Question 10

What is the pulmonary circulation rich in

Answer 10

CO2

Question 11

What is the purpose of the pulmonary circulation

Answer 11

Deliver CO2 to the lungs from the blood and pick up oxygen from the lungs and take it to the heart

Question 12

What takes the deoxygenated blood away from the heart and why is this so unusual

Answer 12

Pulmonary artery

Only artery in the body to cary deoxygenated blood

Question 13

What takes the oxygenated blood to the heart

Answer 13

pulmonary vien

Question 14

Where does pulmonary circulation in the respiratory tract occur and why there?

Answer 14

The alveoli, due to the thinnest of the walls

Question 15

What affect does exercise have on the circulation and what does this result in?

Answer 15

An increase in the rate and depth of breathing speeds
Heart rate and force contraction speed up
A greater volume of oxygen being delivered quickly

Question 16

Define steady state

Answer 16

net volume of oxygen exchanged in lungs per unit of time equal to volume exchanged in the tissues

Question 17

What is the average breathing rate

Answer 17

10-20 breaths per minute

Question 18

Why is it important to maintain gas levels

Answer 18

For blood concentrations

Question 19

What is present in the upper respiratory tract and what is its purpose

Answer 19

nasal cavity 
pharynx 
epiglotis 
Layrnx 
CONDUCTING SYSTEM

Question 20

What is present in the lower respiratory tract and what is its purpose

Answer 20

Trachea
Bronchus
Lungs
WHERE GAS EXCHANGE OCCURS

Question 21

What part of the reparatory system is shared with the digestive system

Answer 21

pharynx

Question 22

What prevents food molecules entering respiratory tract and where is it located

Answer 22

epiglotis folds over trachea

Question 23

What points upwards and contains your vocal chords

Answer 23

Larynx

Question 24

Why is the nose more effective than the mouth for breathing

Answer 24

Is more comfortable as the noise moistens and warms the air

Question 25

What has less air resistance the mouth or the nose

Answer 25

The mouth

Question 26

What lines the respiratory tract

Answer 26

``` Epithelium Glands Lymph nodes Blood vessels Cilla Mucous ```

Question 27

What is the purpose of mucous

Answer 27

Moistens air Traps particles Provides large surface for cilla to act on

Question 28

What cells is mucous produced from and what type of cells are they?

Answer 28

Goblet cells - subepithelial glands

Question 29

****Where does the alveoli receive its blood supply from

Answer 29

pulmonary artery

Question 30

What feature of the alveoli allows efficient gas exchange

Answer 30

thin membrane

Question 31

What cells are present in the alveoli

Answer 31

Type 1 pneumocytes Type 2 pnuemocytes Macrophages

Question 32

What is the function of Type 1 pneumocytes and what type of cells are they

Answer 32

Gas exchange | simple squamous epithelium

Question 33

What is the function of Type 2 pnuemocytes

Answer 33

Reduce the work of breathing by reducing surface tension at alveolar surface by the production of surfactant

Question 34

Is elastic fibres present in the alveoli

Answer 34

Yes

Question 35

Is smooth muscle present in the alveoli

Answer 35

No

Question 36

Where does air move from the trachea

Answer 36

to the left and right bronchus inside the lung

Question 37

Where does the bronchi terminate

Answer 37

at the alveoli

Question 38

What are the steps in the progression of the bronchi branch

Answer 38

epithelium becomes more squamous The diameter decreases Mucous cells decrease - absent in the alveoli Cilla cells decrease - absent in the alveoli (last thing to disappear)

Question 39

What happens to the resistance in the bronchi branch progresses to the alveoli?

Answer 39

upper respiratory has a wider diameter but even though the diameter decreases there is more pathways available for the gas, therefore less gas particles per route, decreasing the resistance

Question 40

What effect does contracting smooth muscle have on the respiratory tract

Answer 40

decreases diameter therefore increases resistance

Question 41

What is it called when the trachea splits into the two bronchi

Answer 41

Bifurcation

Question 42

What is different about the right branching to the left branching of the bronchus

Answer 42

Right bronchus is larger and greater in width | The right bronchus also follows on to further branch into 3 bronchi compared to the left which branches into a further 2

Question 43

What bronchi are foreign bodies more likely to be trapped into

Answer 43

Right

Question 44

Typical values of gas exchanged at the lungs are:

Answer 44

250ml Oxygen and 200ml Carbon dioxide per minute

Question 45

The first airways to lose their cartilaginous rings are the

Answer 45

Upper bronchioles