Pulmonary Blood Flow, Gas Exchange and Transport (Haemoglobin and gas transport)

Question 1

How much oxygen dissolves per litre of plasma

Answer 1

3ml

Question 2

How much does haemoglobin increase red bloods cells oxygens carrying capacity

Answer 2

200ml/L

Question 3

How do you measure the oxygen delivery

Answer 3

times the oxygen solubility by the cardiac output (5L/Min)

Question 4

What does arterial pressure of oxygen refers to

Answer 4

oxygen in plasma solution

Question 5

How is oxygen solution determined in the plasma

Answer 5

the solubility of oxygen and the partial pressure (at alveoli) of O2 in the gaseous phase that is driving O2 into solution

Question 6

Why is it important that gases do not travel in gaseous phase in the plasma

Answer 6

can cause a fatal air embolism

Question 7

How much of the arterial oxygen is extracted by the peripheral tissue

Answer 7

25% of the potentially 1000ml/min delivery

Question 8

What is the oxygen demand of resting tissues

Answer 8

250ml/min

Question 9

How much oxygen binds per gram of haemoglobin and how much haemoglobin is present per litre of blood

Answer 9

1.34ml/g

150g/L

Question 10

What form is 92% of the heamoglobin found in

Answer 10

HbA

Question 11

What is the remaining 8% of heamoglobin made up of

Answer 11

HbA2
HbF
Glycosylated Hb

Question 12

What is the main determent in how much haemoglobin can become saturated

Answer 12

The partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood

Question 13

How does haemoglobin work

Answer 13

Hb pulls the oxygen in from the plasma, meaning more oxygen from the alveoli is pulled over as a partial pressure gradient is maintained
complete saturation takes 0.25s

Question 14

When is haemogoblin nearly 100% saturated

Answer 14

normal systemic arterial PO2 of 100 mm Hg.

Question 15

Is partial pressure of oxygen directly proportional to oxygen saturation?

Answer 15

No, if partial pressure of oxygen is changed drastically, there is only a small decrease in oxygen saturation as blood want to cary as much oxygen as possible

Question 16

What is the percentage of saturation at normal venous blood (deoxygenated) 40mmHg

Answer 16

75% saturation

Question 17

What two haemoglobins have a higher affinity for oxygen then normal adult haemogoblin

Answer 17

Foetal haemoglobin

myoglobin

Question 18

Where is myoglobin most likely to be found

Answer 18

Oxidative muscle fibres, of

Question 19

Why does Foetal haemoglobin need a higher affinity for oxygen?

Answer 19

To extract oxygen from maternal blood

Question 20

Why does myoglobin have an even higher affinity than foetal haemoglobin and adult haemoglobin

Answer 20

As can store oxygen quickly and deliver it to exercising muscles

Question 21

Define anaemia

Answer 21

a condition where the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is compromised -

Question 22

What are three examples of factors that can cause anaemia

Answer 22

Iron or vitamin B deficiency

Haemorrhage

Question 23

What affect does the partial pressure have on anaemia

Answer 23

No effect, anaemia has nothing to do with ventilation or the diffusion of oxygen to the blood

Question 24

How can iron deficiency slightly affect saturation of oxygen

Answer 24

decreases the number of oxygen binding sits on haemoglobin

Question 25

why is it not possible to have a low partial pressure of oxygen and a normal total blood of oxygen

Answer 25

Partial pressure is required to push the oxygen onto the blood

Question 26

What four chemical factors change haemoglobin affinity for oxygen

Answer 26

Temperature CO2 pH DPG (diphosphogylcerate)

Question 27

What does metabolising tissue | Low pH, High CO2 and Temperature's affect on Hb saturation

Answer 27

Decreases Hb saturation, as makes oxygen more readily available to respiring cells

Question 28

What happens to the pH in exercising muscle and whats its affect on Hb saturation

Answer 28

acidosis, pH levels drop due to the production of lactic acid this reduces Hb affinity for oxygen so it gives oxygen to tissues quicker

Question 29

What is the effect of decreasing temperature and CO2 levels and increasing the pH have on Hb saturation

Answer 29

the heamoglobin holds on to the oxygen tighter making it more difficult for it to give it up

Question 30

Decreasing temperature increases Hb affinity and also helps what?

Answer 30

collection of oxygen in the pulmonary circulation.

Question 31

What synthesises DPG

Answer 31

erythrocytes

Question 32

What happens to Hb affinity for oxygen when 2-3-DPG is added

Answer 32

The affinity is decreased

Question 33

In what situations does DPG increases, examples

Answer 33

situations associated with inadequate oxygen supply | example: high altitudes, chronic heart of lung disease

Question 34

what is a benefit of DPG?

Answer 34

helps deliver oxygen to cells in hypoxic conditions,

Question 35

CO binds to haemoglobin to form what?

Answer 35

carboxyhemoglobin

Question 36

What is the problem of CO poisoning

Answer 36

Hb has a much higher affinity to CO, so CO binds readily and dissociates very slowly, preventing and delaying oxygen uptake

Question 37

what is the minimum PCO required to start carbon monoxide poisoning

Answer 37

0.4mmHg

Question 38

What is the characteristics of carbon monoxide poisoning

Answer 38

Hypoxia and anaemia, nausea and headaches, cherry red skin and mucous membranes

Question 39

Why is the respiratory rate unaffected in CO poisoning?

Answer 39

The arterial partial pressure of CO2 is normal, therefore as your body is sensitive to CO2 you are still going to breathe it out normally

Question 40

What is the treatment for CO poisoning

Answer 40

Give 100% oxygen | additionally give CO2

Question 41

Why would you give CO2 in the treatment for CO poisoning

Answer 41

body will breathe and increase ventillation to get rid of the CO2

Question 42

Define hypoxia

Answer 42

inadequate supply of oxygen to the tissues

Question 43

What are the five main types of hypoxia

Answer 43

``` Hypoxic Anaemia Ischaemic Histotoxic Metabolic ```

Question 44

How does Hypoxic hypoxia occur

Answer 44

decreased atmospheric partial pressure of O2 or tissue pathology

Question 45

How does Ischaemic hypoxia occur

Answer 45

heart disease, inefficient pumping of blood around the body

Question 46

How does Histotoxic hypoxia occur

Answer 46

poisoning prevents cells utilising oxygen delivered to them

Question 47

How does metabolic hypoxia occur

Answer 47

oxygen delivery to the tissues does not meet increased oxygen demand by cells

Question 48

How does anaemia hypoxia occur

Answer 48

reduction in 02 carrying capacity of blood due to anemia

Question 49

Where does 70% , 7% and 23% of the CO2 go when diffused into the body

Answer 49

70% Combines with erythrocytes and water in the systemic capillary and originally forms carbonic acid 7%CO2 dissolves in the plasma 23% Enter the erythrocytes and combine deoxyhaemoglobin forming carbamino compounds

Question 50

What happens to the products of carbonic acid in the erythrocytes

Answer 50

excess H+ ions bing to deoxyhaemoglobin | Bicarbonate moves out the plasma in an exchange form chlorine

Question 51

what occurs in the pulmonary capillaries in CO2 transport

Answer 51

The reverse of the systemic capillary as CO2 Moves down conc gradient from blood to alveoli

Question 52

How is normal pH stable in regards to CO2 ability to readily change the pH

Answer 52

All CO2 is usually expired

Question 53

In what situation can CO2 change the ECF pH

Answer 53

Hyper and Hypo ventilation

Question 54

How does Hypoventilation affect the ECF pH | Whats is called

Answer 54

retain CO2 , decreases the pH | Respiratory acidosis

Question 55

How does Hyperventilation affect the ECF pH | Whats is called

Answer 55

blow of more CO2, increases pH | Respiratory alkalosis

Question 56

What is the symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning

Answer 56

``` Hypoxia anemia nausea headache cherry red colour mucous membrane ```