Diabetes Mellitus

Question 1

It is caused by disorders in the metabolism of CHO, FAT and CHON as well as changes in the structure and function of blood vessels

Answer 1

DIABETES MELLITUS

Question 2

Major classification of diabetes

Answer 2

1. Type 1
2. Type 2
3. Gestational DM
4. Latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA)
5. Diabetes associated with other conditions or syndromes

Question 2

is classified as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and refers to a condition in which blood glucose concentrations fall between normal levels and those considered diagnostic for diabetes

Answer 2

PREDIABETES

Question 3

It is secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans when blood glucose levels decrease, which stimulates the liver to release stored glucose

Answer 3

GLUCAGON

Question 4

This class of DM is due to non-production of insulin. Also called as “insulin dependent” DM.

Beta cells in the islet of Langerhans are destroyed

Answer 4

TYPE 1 DM

Question 5

What is the renal threshold of glucose in the blood

Answer 5

180 to 200 mg/dl

Question 6

Three major metabolic derangements due to DM

Answer 6

1. Hyperglycemia
2. Ketosis
3. Metabolic acidosis

Question 7

It is commonly preceded by a day or more of polyuria, polydipsia. nausea, vomiting, and fatigue with eventual stupor and coma if not treated.

The breath has a characteristic fruity odor due to the presence of ketoacids.

Answer 7

DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS

Question 8

Diabetes due to lifestyle

Answer 8

DM TYPE 2 2 DM

Question 9

2 main problems relating to insulin in type 2 DM

Answer 9

1. Insulin resistance
2. Impaired insulin secretion

Question 10

Where does DKA usually occur?

Answer 10

Type 1 DM

Question 11

is any degree of glucose intolerance with its onset during pregnancy

Answer 11

GESTATIONAL DIABETES

Question 12

is a subtype of diabetes in which the progression of autoimmune beta cell destruction in the pancreas is slower than in types 1 and 2 diabetes.

Answer 12

LATENT AUTOIMMUNE DIABETES OF ADULTS (LADA)

Question 13

3 p’s of DM

Answer 13

Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia

Question 14

Possible complications of diabetes

Answer 14

• Retinopathy
• Nephropathy
• Neuropathy

Question 15

This insulin produces a more rapid effect that is of shorter duration than a regular insulin.

Pt should be instructed to eat no more than 5-15 mins after injection

Answer 15

RAPID-ACTING INSULIN

Question 16

In type 1 diabetes, ______ insulin must be given for life because the body loses the ability to produce insulin.

Answer 16

EXOGENOUS INSULIN

Question 16

Categories of insulin

Answer 16

1. Rapid-acting
2. Short-acting
3. Immediate-acting
4. Long-acting

Question 17

Called as “regular insulin”. It is a clear solution and is usually given 15 mins before a meal. Can be given alone or in combination with longer-acting insulin

Answer 17

SHORT-ACTING INSULIN

Question 18

one or more injections of a mixture of short-and intermediate-acting insulins per day

Answer 18

CONVENTIONAL

Question 18

These re called NPH insulin (neutral protamine Hagedorn) appear uniformly milky and cloudy.

If an NPH insulin is taken alone, it is not crucial that it be taken before a meal but patients should eat some food around the time of the onset and peak of these insulins.

Answer 18

INTERMEDIATE-ACTING INSULINS

Question 19

They are called “Peakless” since basal are used as a basal insulin
absorbed very slowly over 24 hours and can be given once a day

Answer 19

LONG-ACTING INSULIN

Question 20

NPH refers to

Answer 20

Neutral Protamine Hagedorn

Question 21

2 general approaches to insulin therapy

Answer 21

1. conventional
2. intensive

Question 22

use a more complex insulin regimen to achieve as much control over blood glucose levels as is safe and practical. 3 or 4 injections of insulin per day

Answer 22

INTENSIVE