Digestive Flashcards
1
Q
consists of a muscular tube lined
with mucous membrane that is continuous with the external skin at the mouth and at the anus.
A
Digestive Tract
2
Q
The Digestive system is divided into
A
• Alimentary canal
• Accessory organs
3
Q
• The alimentary canal extends from the mouth to the anus. It consists of the following consecutive portions:
A
• Mouth
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
• Glandular stomach (and in the case of the ruminants, the
non-glandular/forestomachs as well)
• Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
• Large intestine (caecum, colon, rectum
4
Q
The Digestive System
• The accessory digestive organs:
A
• Teeth
• Tongue
• Salivary glands
• Liver
• Pancreas
5
Q
reduces the nutritious constituents of the
food to molecular compounds that are small enough to be absorbed and used for energy and for building other compounds for incorporation into body tissues
A
Digestive System
6
Q
• Used primarily for holding, grinding, mixing food with saliva
• Used to manipulate the environment (grasping objects)
• Defensive and offensive weapon
A
MOUTH
7
Q
Entrance into the mouth; external parts covered by typical haired skin
A
Lips or Labia
8
Q
Deeply grooved midline of the upper lips
A
Philtrum
9
Q
COMPARISON OF THE LIPS
soft and flexible, aids in picking up food
A
Sheep, goats and horses
10
Q
COMPARISON OF THE LIPS
Less mobile, stiff
A
Cattle and hogs
11
Q
Are arranged in two dental arcades, one associated with the
mandible and one with the incisive and maxillary bones
A
Teeth
12
Q
Farm animals typically have a gap in each arch between the front
teeth (incisors) and the cheek teeth; such a physiologic gap is called
a
A
diastema
13
Q
The bit of the bridle lies in the horse’s
A
Diastema
14
Q
CLASSIFICATION OF TEETH
‘Nippers’ implanted in the incisive bones and the body of the mandible
A
Incisors
15
Q
An animal that has no upper incisors, though the dental pad takes over their functions
A
OX and SHEEP
16
Q
What takes over the function of the ox and sheep since they do not have upper incisors
A
Dental Pad
17
Q
holding’ teeth implanted behind the incisors in the inter-alveolar space.
A
Canines
18
Q
Also called eyeteeth, bridle teeth, tusks and tushes
A
Designated C
19
Q
Canine
In stallions it is
A
Well developed
20
Q
Canine in mares are
A
small or absent
21
Q
Canines
Ruminants is
A
fourth incisor
22
Q
Canines in this animal is large especially in boars called tusk, where they continue to grow throughout life, lower larger than upper C
A
Pigs
23
Q
grinding teeth forming the sides of the dental arch.
A
Premolars and Molars
24
Q
Classification of teeth that are anterior.
A
Premolar
25
Classification of teeth that are found only in permanent dentition
Molars
26
Terms
Includes both the premolars and molars
Cheek teeth
27
Terms
In horses the first premolar when present is called the
Wolf tooth
28
Terms
(large shearing teeth of dog and cat) have three roots
Carnassial teeth
29
are sharp elongated ridges of enamel on the cheek teeth of horses
Points and hooks
30
Parts of a Tooth
• A tooth presents for description:-
• A ________that portion of the tooth which is covered with enamel.
• The________is that part of the tooth which projects above the level of the gum.
Crown
31
Parts of a tooth
- that portion of tooth which is covered
with cement and is embedded in the gum.
Root
32
Parts of a tooth
the line of junction of crown and root
A neck
33
The blood supply of the pulp is derived from:
Infraorbital and mandibular alveolar branches of
the internal maxillary.
34
The nerve supply is derived from the corresponding branches of
5th cranial nerve- the trigeminal
35
Substance of the Tooth
covers the crowns of
brachydont teeth while it covers
mainly the entire tooth in
hypsodont animals
Enamel
36
Substance of the Tooth
is a white layer of inorganic
crystals, it is the hardest
substance in the body
• it is irreplaceable as the cells that
generate it (ameloblast) are lost
following formation except in the
tusks of swine.
Enamel
37
Substance of the Tooth
covers the root of but extends from
brachydont tooth the root to the crown of hypsodont tooth
Cementum
38
Substance of the Tooth
makes up the body of
the tooth with a dental cavity in
its center.
Dentine
39
The dentin constitutes the
________of the elephant tusks
“ivory”
40
The center of a tooth is termed
the
pulp/dental cavity
41
The pulp cavity is filled with a
soft gelatinous mass of
connective tissues, nerves and
blood vessels –
Dental Pulp
42
•Typically exhibited by mammals
• Having various types of teeth specialized for different aspects of prehension and mastication
Heterodonty
43
All domestic animals are where they develop a set of deciduous teeth (baby or milk teeth) that fall out and are replaced by a permanent teet
diphyodont
44
A primitive tooth is simply a A primitive tooth is simply a
Cone
45
Primitive Tooth
when all the teeth are similar, as in
the crocodile.
• Homodont dentition -
46
Primitive Tooth
- when the teeth have undergone
differentiation into molars, premolars, incisors, et
Heterodont dentition
47
Primitive Tooth
when several primitive cones
come together to form one tooth as in the cheek teeth of
the pig
Bunodont Dentition
48
Primitive Tooth
- when the cones become ridges as in the cheek teeth of the horse
Lophodont dentition
49
Primitive Tooth
- when the ridges become sharp
as in the cheek teeth of the ox.
Selenodont dentition
50
Primitive Tooth
when the enamel of a tooth is
restricted to the crown as in the teeth of the dog. i.e. “short –crowned” teeth
Brachydont Dentition
51
Primitive Tooth
- when much of the crown is embedded in the gum as in the cheek teeth of the horse.
i.e. “long-crowned” teet
Hypsodont dentition
52
replaces the upper incisors and canines in ruminants; provides a heavily cornified epithelium against which the lower
incisors grind food
Dental Pad
53
Clinical
results in swelling or
draining (pus) below the carnivores eye
Carnassial tooth abscess (upper P4) –
54
Clinical
the pigs deciduous incisors and canines; often nipped off in newborn pigs
Needle Teeth
55
Clinical
the procedure of filing of the sharp edges (points and hooks) of the horse cheek teeth
Floating
56
is situated on the floor of the mouth
cavity between the rami of the mandibles.
• It is supported in a muscular sling formed by the mylo-hyoid muscles.
• It is described as having:-
• A root located caudally adjacent to the pharynx
• A body which is meaty
• An apex at the rostral end
Tongue
57
Papillae of the Tongue
refers to the free dorsal surface is covered with thick keratinized stratified epithelium.
Dorsum of the Tongue
58
Papillae of the Tongue
is characterized by a large number of projections – the papilla
The mucous membrane of the dorsum
59
Papillae of the Tongue
The main types of papillae are:
Filiform, Fungiform, Vallate – found in all domestic animals
Foliate – absent in ruminants
Conical – only in ruminants, no taste buds
60
Type of Papillae that has no taste buds
Filiform and Conical
61
Type of papillae that is hairlike, shorter and softer in horses giving it a velvety
feel
Filiform
62
Type of Papillae that resembles a tiny mushroom
Fungiform
63
Type of Papillae resemble foliage or leaves of plants, only in carnivores, pigs and horses
Foliate
64
Type of papillae that is large, circular projections surrounded by a deep groove, arranged in V shape on the caudal part of the tongue
Vallate
65
Blood supply of the Tongue
Paired lingual and sublingual arteries from external maxillary artery
66
Cranial Nerve innervating the tongue
Hypoglossal Nerve
67
This sensory nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve that supplies the anterior 2/3 of the
Lingual
68
It supplies the posterior third of the tongue
Glossopharyngeal nerve
69
Animal with tongue shaped like spatula
horse
70
There is a prominent dorsal bulge in the body of the tongue, what animal
Ox
71
This is a prominent dorsal bulge in the body of the tongue
torus linguae
72
This animal has distinct papillae on the prominence of the tongue
Ox
73
Papillae on prominence is also called (?) in the ox
Lenticular papillae
74
Like ox but is more blunt and posterior prominence is not so well marked.
Sheep
75
Narrow and pointed with a thin apex tongue, is what animal?
Pig
76
This animal has a long backward pointing papillae on root
Pig
77
It is wide, thin and mobile tongue of what animal
Dog
78
Their tongue is marked by median grooves.
Dogs
79
It is a round swelling of the caudodorsal surface of the ox tongue
Torus linguae
80
depression in front of the ox torus
linguae; site of penetration of foreign objects
Lingual fossa
81
the dog has a bar of cartilage (lyssa) embedded
in the ventral surface of the apex;
Tongue Cartilage
82
In the horse, it is embedded in the median plane of the dorsal surface of the tongue
Tongue cartilage
83
3 pairs of Salivary glands
Parotid, Submandibular and Sublingual
84
Type of secretion of the parotid salivary gland in the dog
Mixed
85
Type of secretion for submandibular sal. gland
Mixed
86
For most animals, what type of secretion is the parotid gland
Serous
87
Type of secretion for Sublingual
Mixed
88
What gland has a duct that opens caudad to the parotid duct opening
Zygomatic gland in dogs
89
Animals which have a caudally-located monostomatic part and
a rostrally located polystomatic part in the sublingual gland
Carnivores
90
Only has a Animal with only polystomatic part
Horse
91
Animal with both parts but reversed position than dog
Ruminants
92
Animal with opening of parotid duct: across the upper carnassial tooth at salivary papillae
Dog
93
Animal with opening of parotid duct: Across from upper last or 5th upper cheek tooth
Ox
94
Animal with opening of parotid duct: across from 3rd upper cheek tooth
Equine, Goat and Swine
95
Animal with opening of parotid duct: Across 2nd upper cheek tooth
Cat
96
The mucus membrane at the roof of the mouth
hard palate
97
Animal with hard palate divided into equal portions by central raphae
Horse
98
Anterior portion forms the
prominent dental pad.
Ox
99
Can be distinguished from OX
by the fact that the rugae are not
serrated.
Sheep
100
The openings of the naso-palatine ducts
form a prominent V on either side of the
central incisive papilla
Sheep
101
Long and narrow and equal in
width throughout.
Pig
102
Animal with widest hard palate about the 4th cheek tooth
Dog
103
animal with median raphae usually replaced by a ridge
Dog
104
a musculo-membranous curtain which
separates the mouth cavity from the pharynx.
Soft palate
105
Extrinsic muscle of the soft palate
Palato-pharyngeous
106
Soft palate is long, precluding oral breathing and
vomiting
Horse
107
Bean-shaped circumscribed tonsils situated in
sinus
Ox/Sheep
108
Soft palate frequently has small median prolongation
termed the uvula
Pig
109
Fusiform tonsil situated on the sinus.
Dog
110
has pharyngeal recess, a median niche at the
caudodorsal angle of the nasopharynx
Horse
111
a median niche at the
caudodorsal angle of the nasopharynx
Pharyngeal recess
112
has pharyngeal diverticulum, opens into the dorsal
wall of the pharynx near the beginning of the esophagus
Pigs
113
it is a blind mucosal pouch in the roof of the
nasopharynx
Pharyngeal diverticulum
114
paired nodules that lies in a pocket on the
lateral wall of the pharynx ventral to the soft palate adjacent
to the base of the tongue
Palatine tonsil
115
Animal with tonsillar crypt a deep cleft that increases the
surface area to contact with antigens
Ruminants
116
Animal with palatine tonsil that lies in the substance of soft palate
Pigs
117
Tonsils in the base of the tongue that is prominent in horse, ox and pig
Lingual tonsils
118
in the submucosa of the dorsal
pharyngeal wall (adenoids – enlargement
Pharyngeal tonsil
119
in the openings of the auditory tubes
Tubal tonsils
120
Animal with esophagus voluntary as far as the base of the heart
Horse
121
Esophagus of an animal that easily dilatable and voluntary throughout. It is also striated throughout its length
Ox and Sheep
122
Voluntary till last few inches near the cardia
Pig
123
Animal with esophagus that is Voluntary Throughout
Dog
124
Esophagus of an animal that is Constricted ventrally at origin by thick layer of mucous glands.
Dog
125
The constrictions in dog esophagus
Isthmus esophagi
126
Opening to the stomach
Cardia
127
Exit of the stomach
Pylorus
128
Guarding the pylorus
Pyloric sphincter
129
Large bulge near the cardia
Fundus
130
Enlarged fundus in horses to create a blind sac
Saccus cecus
131
Similar but smaller outpocketing in porcine stomach
Gastric diverticulum
132
Muscular and fatty enlargement of sphincter muscle in pigs
Torus pyloricus
133
the grossly visible internal, irregular, raised line
separating the stomach non-glandular and glandular portion
Margo plicatus
134
an extensive fundus lined by
non-glandular mucosa; homologous to the forestomach of
ruminants
Saccus cecus
135
Pear-shaped and distensible stomach of what animal
Dog
