Digestive II Flashcards by Ella Lujan

• The____________( that of Ox and Sheep) is compound as compared to the simple stomach of the other domestic animals.
• It is actually a single stomach modified by marked expansion of the esophageal region into three distinct and voluminous diverticula, the rumen, reticulum, and omasum, collectively known as the
forestomach.

Ruminant Stomach.

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The Ruminant Stomach

Consists of four parts:

• Rumen
• Reticulum
• Omasum
• Abomasum

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The ___________of forestomach is covered with stratified squamous epithelium and thus they are non-glandular

Mucous Membrane

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represents the true glandular stomach of the ruminant.

Abomasum

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The esophagus enters the stomach at an area known as the

Atrium Ventriculi

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is situated at the vertebral extremities of the 8th and 9th ribs, slightly to the left of the mid-line

Atrium Ventriculi

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• Occupies most of the left half of the abdominal cavity from the 7th
intercostals space of the pelvic inlet.

Rumen

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Known as “Paunch”

Rumen

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functions as the fermentation trap for the digestion of herbivorous foods.

Rumen

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Also known as the “honeycomb”
• The most cranial and smallest of the non-glandular stomach.
• The greater part lies on the left side of the median plane opposite ribs
6, 7 and 8.
• The mucous membrane of the interior is thrown into ridges forming
the typical honeycomb appearance.

Reticulum

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Location of reticulum

immediately caudal to the diaphragm
places it opposite the heart, with only the muscular diaphragm between, so that these sharp objects may also be driven into pleural and pericardial space

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contractions of this part of the
forestomach may drive sharp objects through the wall of the stomach,
leading t____________

traumatic peritonitis or hardware disease

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Because of their functional and anatomic relatedness, the reticulum
and rumen are often collectively called the___________.

ruminoreticulum

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• Known as the “book”
• Lies chiefly on the right side of the mid-line from
the 7th to the 11th ribs just caudal to to the liver
• Have short blunt papillae that grind roughages

Omasum

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makes contact to the right body wall

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Is not in contact with abdominal wall

Sheep and Goat

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• The true stomach
• is the first glandular portion of the ruminant digestive system
• An elongated sac which lies chiefly on the abdominal floor.
• The anterior end or fundus is in the xiphoid region

Abomasum

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In order that liquids such as milk can be carried to the omasum
and thence to the glandular stomach without having to go
through the rumen, or the other proventriculi, two muscular
folds form a channel that is continuous with the esophagus.
• This channel is termed as

sulcus ruminoreticularis
(esophageal/reticular groove)

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begins at the cardia.

Esophageal Groove

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It passes ventrally on the medial wall of the atrium and
reticulum.
•It ends at the reticulo-omasal orifice.
•From there it is continued to the abomasum by the
omasal groove

Esophageal groove

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The oesophageal groove has a spiral course as follows:

• backwards
• outwards
• downwards
• forwards
• inwards

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In RUMEN, what animal constitutes approximately 80% of total stomach capacity.
• Foliate papillae are crenated at free extremity

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RUMEN, what animal is 80% of total stomach capacity.
• Papillae are club-shaped.

Sheep

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RETICULUM

This animal constitutes 5% of total stomach capacity.
• Walls of the honeycomb are smooth and about half an inch high

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RETICULUM What animal, 7-8% of total stomach capacity. • Walls of the honeycomb are lower than half an inch and serrated

SHEEP

is a tube which connects the stomach with the large intestine.

SMALL INTESTINES

Small Intestines • It commences at the pylorus and consists of:

• a fixed part – the duodenum, • a mesentric part – jejunum and ileum

The mesenteric part of the small intestine is connected with the dorsal abdominal wall by a double layer of peritoneum termed __________________.

the common mesentery

projections on the surface of the mucous membrane which help to increase the surface area.

Villi

Parts of the Small Intestine

Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Great Mesentery

Longest part supported by mesojejunum; • defined by the marked increase in the length of the supporting mesentery

Jejunum

First division, closely attached to the right side of the dorsal body wall by a short mesentery – mesoduodenum

Duodenum

• Short last part supported by mesoileum

Ileum

scattered nodules of lymphoid tissue especially notable in ruminants

Peyer’s Patches

attaches the duodenum to descending colon

Duodenocolic fold

– a fold of mesentery between ileum and cecum

Ileocecal fold

Serosal ligaments:

Duodenocolic Fold and Ileocecal Fold

opens in small intestine

Ducts of liver

has a single cystic duct.

Gall bladder

from the liver form hepatic duct.

Lobar ducts

joins hepatic duct to form bile duct.

Cystic duct

open in the duodenum. Points to Note

Pancreatic and bile duct

the “s” shaped curve of the cranial part of the duodenum in horse, ruminant and pig; • located against the visceral side of the liver

• Sigmoid loop

the dilated cranial part of the horse duodenum

Duodenal ampulla

into the cecum in horse

Ileocecal opening –

into ascending colon of carnivores and ruminants

Ileocolic opening –

T” junction into cecum and ascending colon inruminants

Ileocecocolic opening

turning or twisting of intestine, cutting oﬀ its blood suppl

Torsion of intestine

specific term for torsion of the intestine causing obstruction

Volvulus –

the segment of intestine inverts into the lumen of the adjacent segment (like a telescope

• Intussusception –

the segment of intestine inverts into the lumen of the adjacent segment (like a telescope)

Intussusception –

cutting out of damaged section of intestine and reconnection of the healthy bowel

Intestinal resection and anastomosis –

extends from the termination of the ileum to the anus. • It has much greater diameter than the small intestine.

Large Intestines

In farm animals, it often has longitudinal bands running along the outside termed

taenia.

The sacculations caused by the constrictions of the taenia are called

haustra.

The large intestine has the following parts

• Cecum – a blind sac. • Colon – ascending, transverse and descending parts • Rectum and anal canal

forms a short connection that runs transversely from distal ascending colon to proximal descending colon; it is invariably found running from right to left sides of the abdomen, just cranial to the root of the great mesentery.

The transverse colon

is generally relatively straight, running caudad on the left side of the abdomen to the pelvic cavity, where it terminates as the rectum

The descending colon

Located on the abdomens right side; except in pig where it is on the left

Cecum

have short, straight ascending colon

Carnivores

forms a coil, the spiral colon

Pig and ruminants –

forms a double horse-shoe shaped loop

Horse

pouches located between the inner smooth and outer striated sphincter muscles of the carnivores anus; • open into the anal canal positions comparable to 4 and 8 o'clock

Anal sacs –

smooth muscle bands on the horse and pig cecum, the horse colon and part of the pigs ascending colon; • cause sacculations (haustra) of the gut wall

• Bands (taenia) –

the dilated terminal part of the rectum in horse, dog and ox

Rectal ampulla –

has the largest and most complex large intestine of any of the domestic animals.

Horse

The ascending colon is highly modified and extremely capacious for which it is commonly referred to as the

Great Colon

It is the primary site of fermentation in horse

Cecum

At the pelvic inlet, the left ventral colon turns sharply dorsad to form the

pelvic flexure.

The colon then continues craniad as___________ located just dorsal to the left ventral colon.

the left dorsal colon,

The right dorsal colon turns again to the left and crosses the midline in front of the root of the great mesentery as the

transverse colon

has a flask-shaped dilation, the

ampulla recti

The proximal part of the colon is the

ascending colon

forms an orderly spiraling mass on the left face of the great mesentery

The spiral colon

In this animal’s Large intestine • The cecum is cylindrical. • It is on the left side and with three taenias. • The ascending colon is arranged in three close, double spiral coils in the mesentery which reach the floor of the abdomen. • The spiral loop is arranged in a cone shape rather than in flat plane

Pig

is the largest gland in the body. • It is situated obliquely against the visceral surface of the diaphragm. • It is described as having: • a parietal surface • a visceral surface • a circumference consisting of dorsal, ventral and lateral borders

Liver