Vacular System Flashcards by Ella Lujan

Fetal Circulation—Anomaly

– the arterial duct system doesn’t close after
birth. This should be corrected early through a left intercostal incision
through the fourth intercostal space. The ductus is carefully isolated
and ligated

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

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Fetal Circulation—Congenital Defects

normal in calves and of no
clinical significance if found in necropsy

Patent Foramen Ovale

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Fetal Circulation—Anomaly

the part of a calf’s aorta between the brachiocephalic
trunk and the entrance of the ductus arteriosus. It is normally smaller
than the rest of the aorta and the large ductus arteriosus. Do not
mistake the combined pulmonary trunk, the ductus arteriosus and the
descending aorta for an aorta coming out of the right ventricl

Aortic Isthmus

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interference with the migration of the heart into the thorax, resulting in the heart being located somewhere other than the thorax (usually in the cervical region)

Ectopia Cordis

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one type of ASD results when the
foramen ovale and second foramen overlap, allowing blood to
flow from left to right, resulting in poor oxygenation of blood
which can lead to cyanosis

Atrial septal defect (ASD)

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the right instead of the left 4th
aortic arch becomes the aorta. The aorta is then on the right side
of the esophagus instead of the left. The aorta, ligamentum arteriosum and the base of the heart form a ring around the esophagus. This is the most common vascular ring anomaly. When a dog is weaned to solid food, large particles can’t get past this constriction and the animal regurgitates undigested food. The ligamentum arteriosum is surgically isolated, ligated twice, and cut between the two ligatures

Persistent right 4th aortic arch

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the correct ventricles do not
match up with the correct outflow channels. This is fatal.

Transposition of the great vessels

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– failure of the interventricular septum to close, involving the membranous part of the septum. The most common cardiac anomaly in large animals, it causes systolic murmur

Interventricular septal defect (VSD)

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this developmental anomaly has four
components:
• Pulmonic stenosis
• The aorta over-rides both ventricles
• Ventricular septal defect
• Hypertrophy of the right ventricle

Tetralogy of Fallot

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Acute compression of the heart due to fluid effusion or hemorrhage into the
pericardium.

Cardiac Tamponade

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• An excessive production and concurrent retarded absorption of pericardial fluid, caused by pericarditis

Hydrops pericardii

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are caused by the closing of the different valves

Heart Sound

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causes a rise in ventricular pressure
and closure of the AV valves (1st heart sound) and opening of the
aortic and pulmonic valves

Ventricle Contraction (systole)

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the AV valves open and
the aortic and pulmonic (semilunar) valves close (2nd heart
sound) due to back pressure in the aorta and pulmonary trunk

During ventricular relaxation (diastole)

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contraction of the ventricles, occurs between the 1st
and 2nd heart sound

Systole

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relaxation of the ventricles, occurs between the 2nd and 1st heart sounds

Diastole

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caused by the closure of the AV valves

• 1st heart sounds (“lub”)

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– caused by the closure of the semilunar
valves (aortic and pulmonic)

2nd heart sound (‘dub”)

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LOCATION OF THE HEART

at the level of the 5th intercostal space
when the animal is standing in a normal position

Tip of the Olecranon

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Or the puncta maxima; the spot on the thoracic wall where a
valve sound is loudest
• Put the stethoscope at the points listed below and move to find the PMI
• Pulmonic valve – left 3rd ICS at the level of olecranon (low)
• Aortic valve – left 4th ICS at the level of shoulder (high)
• Left AV valve – left 5th ICS at the level of the olecranon (low)
• Right AV valve – right 3rd – 4th ICS at the level of olecranon (low)

Point of Maximum Intensity (PMI)

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Abnormal sounds caused by blood flow turbulence, due to valvular or nonvalvular problems

Heart MUrmurs

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a sound due to a leaky or narrowed valve

Valvular Murmur

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HOW TO IDENTIFY MURMURS

determine if the murmur is in systole or
diastole; then, find the PMI of the murmur to determine which valve is affectected

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murmur – caused by turbulence due to
backflow through a valve not fully closed

Leaky Murmur

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– a constriction of the opening causing a turbulence past that opening

Narrowing Murmur

– occurs between the 1st and 2nd heart sounds, when the AV valves should be fully closed and the aortic and pulmonic valves open • AV leaky (insufficiency) – systolic murmur (left AV insufficiency is the most common) • Aortic or pulmonic narrowing (stenosis) – systolic murmur (aortic stenosis is common)

Systolic Murmurs

occurs between the 2nd and 1st heart sounds when the aortic and pulmonic valves should be closed and the AV valves opened (AV stenosis or semilunar valve insufficiency)

Diastolic Murmurs

– diastolic murmur, very rare

AV narrowing (stenosis)

diastolic murmur, rare

Aortic or pulmonic leaking (insufficiency)

a failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus (arterial duct) to close; the resulting murmur sounds like a washing machine; it is continuous, thus systolic and diastolic

PDA (Patent Ductus Arteriosus)

– failure of the opening (oval foramen) between two fetal atria to close

Interatrial septal defect (patent foramen ovale)

– failure of the interventricular septum to close; it results in a systolic murmur heard loudest on the right side of the sternum

Interventricular septal defect (ISD)

Dirofilariasis

Heartworms

(nematodes – Dirofilaria immitis) of the dog live in the right ventricle, causing a great strain on the right side of the heart

Adult Roundworms

• Dirofilariasis • Adult round worms (nematodes – Dirofilaria immitis) of the dog live in the right ventricle, causing a great strain on the right side of the heart • This results in enlargement of the right ventricle, pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries due to increased pressure required to pump blood through the worm mass, thus, increasing the workload

Heartworm

is a common term for bovine traumatic reticuloperitonitis. • It is usually caused by the ingestion of a sharp, metallic object that pierces the stomach wall and gains access to the heart.

Hardware Disease

In _______ the apex of the heart contacts the dome of the diaphragm, and the reticulum in the abdominal cavity lies on the caudal side of the diaphragm.

Cattle

The contractions of this organ can cause these foreign bodies to penetrate the adjacent diaphragm and the pericardial sac, resulting in an infection of the sac called traumatic pericarditis, one manifestation of hardware disease

Reticulum

is usually prevented by administering a magnet by mouth; the magnet, which tends to remain in the reticulum, gathers swallowed metallic objects and prevents them from migrating through the wall of the forestomach

Hardware Disease

Thoracic Aorta-Aortic Arch dogs-arise separately; ungulates (hooved animals)-arise by a short, common bicarotid trunk

Common Carotid Arteries

branches (vertebral, costocervical, deep cervical, superficial cervical and internal thoracic) vary in their origins between the species: • Ruminant: the vertebral artery arises from the costocervical trunk, thus, the subclavian arteries have only three branches • Carnivores: the vertebral and the costocervical arteries arise separately, thus, the subclavian arteries have four branches. • Horse: the same as the dog on the right – four branches. On the left the deep cervical artery arises from the subclavian, not the costocervical trunk

Subclavian Arteries

Arteries in the Head in ungulates, the common origin of the two common carotid arteries (in carnivores they arise separately)

Bicarotid Trunk

Arteries In the Head in cats and ruminants the part outside the skull degenerates

Internal Carotid Artery

Arteries in the Head the common origin for the lingual and facial artery in horses and ruminants (in the carnivores and pigs they arise separately)

Linguofacial Trunk

Arteries in the Head Site of pulse taking in horses

Facial Artery

Arteries-Thorax In all species course in the caudal aspects of the ribs. Therefore, an incision to open the thoracic wall (intercostal incision) is made in the middle of the intercostal spaces

Intercostal Vessels and Nerve

Horse – Digital Arteries – Thoracic Limb the main supply to the digits. Proximal to the metacarpophalangeal joints (fetlock) it divides into the digital arteries.

Medial palmar (second palmar common digital) artery

Horse – Digital Arteries – Thoracic Limb pass on the abaxial surface of the proximal sesamoid bones and the flexor tendons

Medial and lateral digital (medial and lateral proper common digital) arteries:

the distal continuation of the digital arteries after they enter the solar canal through the solar foramina

Terminal arch:

Ox – Arteries – Thoracic Limb continues to the distal metacarpus where it becomes the third palmar common digital artery

Median artery:

the continuation of the median artery on the medial

Common palmar digital artery III:

: the continuation of the third common palmar digital artery on the axial sides of the third and fourth digits

Axial palmar proper digital arteries

travels in the dorsal longitudinal groove

Dorsal metacarpal artery III:

Most commonly and easily performed in the cephalic vein in the dog. • The cephalic and median cubital veins are held off by finger pressure across the flexor surface of the elbow. • A needle is then threaded into the cephalic or accessory cephalic vein distally on the cranial aspect of the limb

Venipuncture

Abdominal Aorta : reduced or absent in the horse. The caudal artery is present as a branch of the caudal gluteal artery.

Median sacral artery

– continues ventral to caudal vertebra as the median caudal artery. The accompanying medial caudal vein (tail vein) is often used for collection of blood (“tail bleed”) from adult cattle

Median sacral artery

a common site for an aneurysm (bulging of the blood vessels) in the horse, caused by the parasitic worm Strongylus vulgaris. Parasitic blockage of this artery or its branches may cause colic

Cranial Mesenteric Artery

Abdominal Aorta – Celiac Artery travel in the right and left longitudinal grooves of the rumen. Both can arise from the splenic artery

Ruminal Arteries

the vessels to the spleen must be ligated close to the spleen along the hilus so the short gastric and left gastroepiploic arteries are not compromised

Splenectomy in the Carnivores

when opening the stomach of a dog, cut between the two curvatures to avoid the major blood vessels

Gastrotomy

open the dorsal sac above the longitudinal groove, there by avoiding its arteries

Rumenotomy

Abdominal Aorta – Cranial and Caudal mesenteric Arteries the ascending colon to be the right colon and divided into two parts. Considered the transverse colon ‘’the middle colon’’ and the descending colon ‘’the left colon’’. Then name the arteries supplying the second part of the right colon, the middle colon and the left colon the right, middle and left colic arteries, respectively. This leaves the first part of the AC which is supplied by colic branch. This simplification works for all domestic species.

Memory Aid

Abdominal Aorta – Cranial and Caudal mesenteric Arteries removal of piece of jejunum and the reconnection between the cut ends. Cut the antimesenteric side shorter than the mesenteric side to keep the vasculature from being compromised

• Intestinal resection and anastomoses:

Abdominal Aorta – External and Internal Iliac Arteries • Uterine artery: branches off various arteries:

• Vaginal artery in the carnivores • External iliac artery in the horse • Umbilical artery in the ruminants. The horse and the ruminants also have the uterine branch of the vaginal artery.

External and Internal Iliac Arteries – Clinical ligated before the body of the uterus is ligated and removed in the carnivores (spay).

Uterine Arteries

a blood clot at the termination of the aorta seen in cats. This can block the external iliac arteries and result in lameness, paresis, or paralysis of the hind limbs

Saddle Thrombi

Ruminant - Species Differences another name for the superficial caudal epigastric in the ruminants and mare

Cranial Mammary Artery

Ruminant - Species Differences the ventral labial arteries in the cow and mare.

Caudal mammary artery

common names for the satellite vein (superficial caudal and cranial epigastric) of the superficial epigastric arteries in the ruminant

Milk Vein

Arteries – Pelvic Limb – Dog – Clinical the many different blood vessels supplying the pelvic limb allow ligation (tying off) of the femoral artery without permanent ill effects in the healthy dogs.

Collateral Circulation

Arteries – Pelvic Limb – Dog – Clinical can be palpated in the femoral artery in the femoral triangle along the medial thigh of the dog and cat. This is also a convenient site for catherization for angiocardiography due to its superficial position

Pulse

Arteries – Pelvic Limb – Horse the continuation of the dorsal pedal artery, and the main supply distal to the tarsus. It runs distally on the dorsolateral side of the metacarpus in a groove between the cannon and the lateral splint (MT III and IV). Halfway down the metatarsus it passes between the cannon and lateral splint as the distal perforating branch to reach the plantar surface of the limb. It then branches into lateral and medial digital arterie

Great metatarsal artery” or dorsal metatarsal artery III

Arteries – Pelvic Limb – Horse continuations of the great metatarsal artery (distal perforating branch) on the sides of the digits similar to the forelimb.

Medial and lateral (proper) digital arteries

eceives an S shaped anastomosis from the caudal tibial artery and then branches into lateral and medial plantar arteries at the tarsus. A deep branch of the lateral plantar artery joins with the perforating tarsal artery to form the deep plantar arch, plantar metatarsal arteries arise from the deep plantar arch. Both plantar and metatarsal arteries contribute to the digital arteries by joining the digital arteries or the distal perforating artery of the great metatarsal artery

Caudal branch of the saphenous artery