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Y4 FA - Small ruminants > Diseases of the neonatal lamb 2 > Flashcards

Diseases of the neonatal lamb 2 Flashcards

(46 cards)

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1
Q

Joint ill is usually seen in lambs of what age?

A

2-3 wks old

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2
Q

How does joint ill in lambs present?

A

Sudden onset lameness
Single or multiple joints affected
Swelling on the joint

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3
Q

Name the bacterial cause of joint ill in lambs

A

Streptococcus dysgalactiae

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4
Q

What are the possible sources of infection for joint ill?

A

Teats
Milk
Dirty wool
Dirty pens
Cutaneous - umbilicus, docking, castration, tagging

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5
Q

How is joint ill treated?

A

Penicillin in early cases – long course
Euthanasia in later cases

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6
Q

How is joint ill prevented?

A

Colostrum, hygiene, navel dipping, farm specific risk factors

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7
Q

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie is one cause of…?

A

Infectious arthritis (joint ill) in lambs

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8
Q

What are the clinical signs of infectious arthritis in lambs?

A

Polyarthritis (fibrinous)
Pyrexia
Lameness

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9
Q

Infectious arthritis affects lambs at what age?

A

6wks to 6mo

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10
Q

What is the source of infection of infectious arthritis (Erysipelothrix rhusiopathie)?

A
  • Faeces, urine, saliva, nasal secretions
  • Bedding, soil, water, food, equipment
  • skin wounds: castration and docking sites
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11
Q

How is infectious arthritis treated?

A

Penicillin daily for 5 days… +
NSAIDs

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12
Q

Naval ill is also known as?

A

Omphalophlebitis

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13
Q

Describe what naval ill is

A

Ascending infection leading to abscessation of the navel

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14
Q

What are the possible sequelae of naval ill?

A

Peritonitis
Liver abscessation
Systemic infection
Polyarthritis
Endocarditis

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15
Q

How is the liver affected in naval ill?

A

Hepatic necrobacillosis with Fusobacterium necrophorum

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16
Q

How does Hepatic necrobacillosis with Fusobacterium necrophorum appear on PM?

A

2-10mm diameter white spots on liver

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17
Q

How is naval ill prevented?

A
  • Total immersion of the navel in strong veterinary iodine within 15 minutes, Repeated 2-4 hours later
  • Good hygiene practices
  • Colostrum
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18
Q

How is naval ill treated?

A

Penicillin
Amoxicillin

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19
Q

Name 3 trace element and vitamin deficiencies that affect lambs

Study These Flashcards
A

Iodine deficiency
Copper deficiency and sway back
White muscle disease

20
Q

How does iodine deficiency present in lambs?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Goitre in newborn lambs
  • Late abortions
  • Minimal fleece in live lambs
21
Q

How can iodine deficiency be confirmed on PM?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Histopathology of the thyroid gland
  • Thyroid gland weight >0.4 g/kg live weight
22
Q

How can iodine deficiency in lambs be prevented?

Study These Flashcards
A

Ewe supplementation
- oral dosing 8 and 4wks before lambing

23
Q

How does copper deficiency present in lambs?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Swayback
  • Fine head tremor
  • Osteoporosis
  • Tendon abnormalities
  • Depigmentation of coloured wool
24
Q

How can copper deficiency be diagnosed?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Clinical signs
  • Histopathology or brain and spinal cord
  • Liver copper conc
25
How is swayback/copper deficiency treated?
Euthanasia
26
How can copper deficiency/swayback be prevented?
Supplementation of the ewe throughout pregnancy - Injections of chelated copper - Mineralised drenches – short term - Mineral supplements – variable intakes - Copper capsules and boluses – slow release copper
27
What must be considered when preventing swayback?
Risk of copper toxicity
28
White muscle disease is also known as?
- nutritional muscular dystrophy - stiff lamb disease
29
White muscle disease is caused by a deficiency of?
Vitamin E/Selenium
30
What are the clinical signs/pathogenesis of white muscle disease?
- Weak lambs with difficulty sucking - Degeneration of skeletal and cardiac muscle
31
How is white muscle disease treated?
Potassium selenate and Vitamin E
32
Name 3 congenital malformations of lambs that occur randomly due to genetic mutaion
- Atresia ani - Schistosoma reflexa - Brachygnathia
33
Describe atresia ani
Failure of the anus and sometimes the part or all of the terminal colon and or rectum to form properly
34
Name a congenital malformation of lambs that can be inherited
Entropion
35
What can occur as a result of entropion?
Severe keratoconjunctivitis and corneal ulceration, leading to perforation and blindness
36
When investigating lamb morbidity/mortality what should be asked/identified/examined on a farm visit?
- Examination of ewes and lambs - Identification of risk factors for disease - Weigh day old lambs - Test colostrum transfer - Pre-treatment faceal samples
37
How is colostrum transfer tested?
Lamb plasma protein
38
What are the adequate and inadequate values of colostrum transfer?
Less than 45g/L = inadequate More than 60g/L = adequate In-between = borderline
39
When performing lamb post-mortems what should be done before opening the carcass?
- Weight - Hardening of the feet - External staining e.g. meconium - Naval or joint swelling - Fleece: border disease - Deformities
40
Excessive weight of a lamb suggests?
Dystocia
41
Once the carcass is open on a lamb PM, what should be assessed in the abdomen and thorax?
* Brown fat round the kidneys * Milk/colostrum in abomasum * Lung aeration indicates partum or post-partum death (does lung float/sink in water). * Hepatic rupture, thoracic, abdominal or meningeal haemorrhage (open up cranium and spinal canal) indicate dystocia. * Thyroid gland size
42
Once the carcass is open on a lamb PM what are some signs of dystocia?
* Swollen head /tongue * Meconium staining * Oedema head shoulders * Fracture limbs ribs * Free blood in carcase * Haemorrhages
43
Once the carcass is open on a lamb PM what are some signs of hypothermia/starvation?
* No brown fat * Minimal body fat * No milk in abomasum
44
Describe the importance of selecting breeding flock to reduce lamb mortality
Ewe selection at Pre- tupping check - Fit healthy, no mastitis, not lame, not broken mouth, not old - Good mothers - Low dystocia Ram Selection - Low dystocia - Vigorous lambs
45
How can the environment be managed to reduce lamb mortality?
- Housing - Stocking Density - Group size and constitution - Good ventilation - Dry Clean bedding hygiene - Clean and disinfect lambing pens between sheep - Separate off ill ewes, ill lambs - Provide shelter in fields
46
Describe lamb care management to reduce lamb mortality
- Lamb hygiene: wear gloves - Dip navels twice in iodine - Don’t castrate first 24 hours - Ensure adequate colostrum - Ewes and lambs clostridia/pasteurella vaccinated - Disinfect all feeding equipment/ stomach tubes/tagging equipment / lamb warmer boxes between lambs

Y4 FA - Small ruminants (18 decks)

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