DISPERSION SYSTEM Flashcards
1
Q
It is defined as a liquid preparation containing undissolved or immiscible drugs distributed throughout a vehicle
A
dispersion system
2
Q
3 components of Dispersion System and their other name
A
dispersed phase - internal/discontinuous phase
dispersion medium - external/continuous phase
dispersing agent
3
Q
OTHER NAME
dispersed phase
A
internal / discontinuous phase
4
Q
OTHER NAME
dispersion medium
A
external / continuous phase
5
Q
particle size for colloidal dispersion
A
1nm - 0.5um
6
Q
particle size for coarse dispersion which is commonly used in suspension and emulsion dosage form
A
10 - 50 um
7
Q
10 - 50 um is the particle size for coarse dispersion which is commonly used in ____ and ____ dosage form
A
suspension & emulsion
8
Q
particle size for fine dispersion which is commonly used in magmas and gels dosage form
A
0.5 - 10um
9
Q
0.5 - 10um is the particle size for fine dispersion which is commonly used in ____ and ____ dosage form
A
magmas & gels
10
Q
10 - 50um is the particle size for ____ which is commonly used in suspension and emulsion dosage form
A
coarse dispersion
11
Q
0.5 - 10um is the particle size for ____ which is commonly used in magmas and gels dosage form
A
fine dispersion
12
Q
Auxilliary label to be placed in product for dispersion system
A
shake well
13
Q
Preparations containing finely divided drug particles (the suspensoid) distributed somewhat uniformly throughout a vehicle in which the drug exhibits a minimum degree of solubility
A
suspension
14
Q
Reasons for Suspension (3)
A
improving stability
ease of administration and flexibility
overcome disagreeable taste
15
Q
Rate of settling of particles is dependent on (3)
A
should settle slowly & readily redispersed upon shaking
particle size should remain constant throughout the preparation
should pour readily & evenly
16
Q
particle diameter of suspension
A
1 - 50um
17
Q
used to reduce Particle size to a fine particle having 10-50 μm
A
micropulverization
18
Q
Particle size reduction to a finer powder under10 μm
A
fluid energy
19
Q
The rate of sedimentation of the solid particles is reduced as the particle ____ in size
A
decrease
20
Q
- also known as thickening agent
- Used to stabilize suspensions
- Help in lowering the sedimentation rate of the particles in suspension
A
suspending agent
21
Q
SUSPENDING AGENT
- Increase the viscosity of water by binding water molecules
- Support the growth of microorganisms
- Mostly anionic, except methylcellulose (neutral) and chitosan (cationic)
- Incompatible with quaternary antibacterial agents
- Mostly are insoluble in alcoholic solutions
A
hydrophilic colloids
22
Q
SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS
Increase the viscosity of water by ____
A
BINDING WATER MOLECULES
23
Q
SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS
Support the ____ of microorganisms
A
GROWTH
24
Q
SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS
Mostly anionic, except ____ (neutral) and ____ (cationic)
A
methylcellulose - neutral
chitosan - cationic
25
# **SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS**
**Incompatible** with ____ antibacterial agents
quaternary
26
# **SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS**
Mostly are **insoluble** in ____
alcoholic solutions
27
# **SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS**
**acacia**, **tragacanth**
natural
28
# **SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS**
Methylcellulose (MC)
Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)
synthetic
29
# **SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS | NATURAL**
used for **internal** preparation
acacia
30
# **SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS | NATURAL**
**better than acacia**
used for **external** preparation
tragacanth
31
# **SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS**
Clay
Bentonite (Thixotropic in nature)
Magnesium Aluminum silicate (Veegum)
Aluminum hydroxide
inorganic salts
32
# **SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS | INORGANIC SALTS**
thixotropic in nature
bentonite
33
# **SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS | INORGANIC SALTS**
**magnesium aluminum silicate** is also known as
veegum
34
**too small** particle size will lead to ____
caking
35
the **dispersed phase** in **suspensions** is called
suspensoid
36
the **dispersion medium** in a **suspension** is
liquid
37
the **dispersing agent** in **suspension** is called
suspending agent
38
the **dispersed phase** and **dispersion medium** in an **emulsion** is a
liquid
39
the **dispersing agent** in an **emulsion** is called
emulsifying agent
40
**dispersed phase** in **aerosol**
solid or liquid
41
**dispersion medium** in **aerosol**
gas, propellants
42
the **undissolved** or **immiscible** drug (suspenoid) **distributed throughout the liquid vehicle**
dispersed phase
internal/discontinuous phase
43
the **liquid vehicle**, to which the insoluble drug is **distributed**
dispersion medium
external/continuous phase
44
* **stabilizes** the suspension
* **maintains the homogenity** of the **internal** and **external** phases, after agitation of the contents
dispersing agent / suspending agent
45
# **PARTICLE SIZE**
coarse dispersions
10 - 50 um
46
# **PARTICLE SIZE**
fine dispersions
0.5 - 10 um
47
# **SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS**
* used as **35% mucilage**
* form **colored complex** with **organic** compounds due to **peroxidase**
acacia
48
# **SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS**
* used as **5% dispersion in water**
* **does not** contain peroxidase
tragacanth
49
# **SUSPENDING AGENT | HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS**
* silicates that are **anionic** in **aqueous** dispersion
* strongly **hydrated**
* exhibit **thixotropy**
clays
50
# **TYPES OF SUSPENSION**
* a **ready to use** liquid suspension
* Written on the label as **Oral suspension**
* Example **antacids** and **analgesics**
READY TO USE LIQUID FORM
51
# **TYPES OF SUSPENSION**
* **requires reconstitution** by adding **purified water**
* Written on the label **FOR** oral suspension
* Example: **antibiotics** and products that are **not stable for longer time**
DRY POWDERS FOR SUSPENSION
52
# **TYPES OF SUSPENSION | DRY POWDERS FOR SUSPENSION**
EXPIRY DATE:
**refrigerated**
2 weeks
53
# **TYPES OF SUSPENSION | DRY POWDERS FOR SUSPENSION**
EXPIRY DATE:
**room temp**
1 week
54
# **TYPES OF SUSPENSION**
* the product must have the **ability to be successfully administered** by a **syringe** and appropriate needle
* Particles should exhibit **syringeability**
suspension for injection
55
ability to **pass syringe**
syringeability
56
# **TYPES OF SUSPENSION**
Particle size must **not exceed 10 microns**
ophthalmic suspension
57
# **TYPES OF SUSPENSION**
* **Fine particles** (**impalpable**) are desired to a**void grittiness** when applied to the skin
* The **smaller** the **particle size**, the **greater** the **covering** and **protective power** of the preparation
suspensions for topical use
58
# **TYPES OF SUSPENSION**
* May be employed orally or rectally for **diagnostic visualization** of the **GIT**.
Example **Barium sulfate** for Suspension
rectal suspensions
59
3 steps in **preparing** suspension
1. **wetting** of particles
2. **blending** of all ingredients
3. **packaging** & **storage** of suspension
60
packaging container for **suspension**
wide-mouth container
61
storage condition of **suspension**
protect from freezing, excessive heat, & light
62
# **CLASSES OF SUSPENSION**
* Suspensions for **external application**.
* A **low** to **medium viscosity**, topical product, intended to be **applied on “unbroken” skin**.
* have **lower viscosity** than **Creams** and **Gels**
lotions
63
methods of preparing **lotion**
trituration
by chemical reaction method
64
# **TYPES OF LOTION | MEDICATED**
**Kwell** (Lindane) Lotion used as
SCABICIDE
65
# **TYPES OF LOTION | MEDICATED**
**Calamine** Lotion used as
| (2)
antipruritic and protective
66
Lotion is **NOT** a ____, **it is a suspension**
solution
67
# **TYPES OF LOTION | MEDICATED**
BENZYL BENZOATE LOTION – used as
scabicide
68
# **TYPES OF LOTION | MEDICATED**
PHENOLATED CALAMINE LOTION used as
| (2)
anesthetic & antiseptic
69
# **TYPES OF LOTION | MEDICATED**
WHITE LOTION used a
| (2)
antiseptic & treatmetn for acne
70
# **TYPES OF LOTION**
* Are applied to **hair**, **scalp**, **face** and **hands**;
* Popular as **sunscreen** preparations
non medicated lotions
71
# **TYPES OF LOTION | UNMEDICATED**
**Jergen's** Lotion
emollient
72
# **TYPES OF LOTION | UNMEDICATED**
**Aveeno** Lotion
moisturizer
73
# **CLASSES OF SUSPENSION**
Are **semisolid** systems consisting of either suspensions made up of **small inorganic** particles or **large organic** molecules **enclosed** and **interpenetrated** by a **liquid**
gels
74
# **CLASSES OF GELS**
**Macromolecules** are **distributed** in the **dispersion medium** in such manner that **no apparent boundaries exist between them**
SINGPLE PHASE GEL
75
# **CLASSES OF GELS**
Consist of **floccules** of **small distinct particle** and frequently called **MAGMA** or **MILK**
TWO PHASE GELS
76
**taking up** a certain amount of liquid **without** a measurable **increase in volume**
| e.g. sponge
IMBIBITION
77
**taking up** of a liquid by a gel **with an increase in volume**
swelling
78
the **dispersion medium** is **squeezed out** in **droplets** upon standing, and the gel **shrinks**
syneresis
79
a phenomenon where **a gel becomes fluid** when **heated** or **agitated**, then **resume** their **semisolid** or **solid** state when **undisturbed** for a period of time
| **REVERSIBLE**
thixotropy
80
Formed when **liquid is removed from gel** and **only framework remains**
XEROGEL
81
Preparation of **gels**
by chemical reaction
by simple hydration
82
a type of gel that **can be prepared by both methods**
aluminum hydroxide gel
83
# **EXAMPLES OF GELS**
**Aluminum hydroxide, USP** is used as
antacid
84
# **EXAMPLES OF GELS**
**Sodium Flouride** and **Orthophosphoric Acid Gels** are used as
dental prophylactic
85
# **EXAMPLES OF GELS**
**Aluminum Phosphate Gel** is used as
antacid
86
# **CLASSES OF SUSPENSION**
Are **aqueous** suspensions of **insoluble inorganic** drugs and differ from gels mainly that the **suspended particles are larger**
magmas & milks
87
# **Example of MAGMAS AND MILKS**
**Bentonite magma** is used as
suspending agent
88
# **Example of MAGMAS AND MILKS**
**Milk of Magnesia** is used as
antacid
89
* **Gels** and **Magma** are considered ____ since they **contain particles of colloidal dimensions**
* Exhibit **thixotropic** property
colloidal dispersions
90
a term used to designate a **dispersion of solid substance in liquid**, **solid**, or **gaseous dispersion medium**
sols
91
# **CLASSES OF SUSPENSION**
* Are aqueous liquid preparations which **contain suspended insoluble solid substances** and are intended for **internal** use.
* **Less viscous**
| (not avail in the philippines)
MIXTURES
92
**Kaolin Mixture** used for
diarrhea
93
**Kaolin Mixture with Pectin** used for
diarrhea
94
**Brown Mixture** used for
cough
95
* A dispersion in which the **dispersed phase** is **composed** of **small globules of liquid** distributed throughout another liquid, in which it is **immiscible**.
* A **two-phase system** in which **one immiscible liquid** is **intimately dispersed** in **another liquid** (as **droplets**)
emulsion
96
# **PHASES OF EMULSION**
the liquid **droplet**, **internal** phase, or **discontinuous** phase.
DISPERSED PHASE
97
# **PHASES OF EMULSION**
the liquid **vehicle**, **external** phase, or **continuous** phase
DISPERSION MEDIUM
98
# **TYPES OF EMULSION**
**water** is the **internal** phase and **oil** is **external** phase
WATER IN OIL
99
# **TYPES OF EMULSION**
**oil** is the **internal** phase and **water** is **external** phase
OIL IN WATER
100
* size - **1-100μm**
* Stability - **Kinetically stable**
* Appearance - **opaque**
* Preparation - Require **intense agitation** for their formation
* **Primary** emulsion (**o/w**; **w/o**)
* **Multiple** emulsion (**o/w/o**; **w/o/w**)
MACROEMULSION
101
# **MACROEMULSION**
size
1 - 100um
102
# **MACROEMULSION**
stability
kinetically stable
| (will settle at a certain point of time)
103
# **MACROEMULSION**
appearance
opaque
104
# **MACROEMULSION**
preparation
require intense agitation
105
* size - **10-100nm**
* Stability - **thermodynamically stable**
* Appearance - **transparent**
* Preparation - Generally obtained by **gentle mixing** of ingredients
**Advantage:**
* **More rapid**
* Efficient **oral absorption** of drug
* **Enhances TDD** through increased diffusion into the skin
microemulsion
106
# **MICROEMULSION**
size
10 - 100nm
107
# **MICROEMULSION**
stability
thermodynamically stable
| (no chance of separation)
108
# **MICROEMULSION**
appearance
transparent
109
# **MICROEMULSION**
preparation
gentle mixing
110
# **Purpose of Emulsion**
Emulsification enables the pharmacist to **prepare** ____ of **two immiscible liquids**
**relatively stable** and **homogenous** mixtures
111
# **Purpose of Emulsion**
Permits **administration** of a liquid drug in the form of ____ **rather than in bulk**
minute globules
112
# **Purpose of Emulsion**
For **orally administered** emulsions, the **o/w** type permits ____ administration
palatable
113
Used to **promote** and **maintain dispersion** of **finely divided particles** of liquid in a **vehicle in which it is immiscible**
emulsifying agent
114
# **EMULSIFYING AGENTS | NATURAL - VEGETABLE SOURCE**
used in the preparation of **extemporaneous** emulsions
ACACIA
115
# **EMULSIFYING AGENTS | NATURAL - VEGETABLE SOURCE**
Commonly employed as **thickening agents** in **acacia-emulsified** products
| (2)
TRAGACANTH & AGAR
116
# **EMULSIFYING AGENTS | NATURAL - VEGETABLE SOURCE**
**thickening agent**; used with acacia in **cod liver oil** emulsion
CHRONDUS
117
# **EMULSIFYING AGENTS | NATURAL - VEGETABLE SOURCE**
acts as an **emulsion stabilizer** in **acacia emulsion**
PECTIN
118
# **EMULSIFYING AGENTS | NATURAL - VEGETABLE SOURCE**
used in preparation of **enema**
STARCH
119
These materials form **hydrophilic colloids**, which, **when added to water**, generally produce **o/w emulsions**
NATURAL - VEGETABLE SOURCE
120
# **EMULSIFYING AGENT**
* Protein substances, such as **gelatin**, **egg yolk**, and **casein**,
* These substances produce **oil in water** emulsions.
* The **disadvantage** of **gelatin** as an emulsifier is that the emulsion frequently is too fluid and becomes more fluid upon standing
NATURAL - ANIMAL SOURCE
121
# **EMULSIFYING AGENT | NATURAL - ANIMAL SOURCE**
These substances produce ____ emulsions
oil in water
122
# **EMULSIFYING AGENT | NATURAL - ANIMAL SOURCE**
The disadvantage of ____ as an emulsifier is that the emulsion frequently is **too fluid** and **becomes more fluid upon standing**
gelatin
123
# **EMULSIFYING AGENT | SYNTHETIC**
Used as **suspending**/**thickening** agents
METHYLCELLULOSE
124
# **EMULSIFYING AGENT | SYNTHETIC**
Used as **emulsion stabilizer** and as **suspending**/**thickening** agents
SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE
125
# **ALCOHOLS/POLYOLES**
**High molecular weight alcohols** includes ____, ____, and
_____.
stearyl alcohol
ethyl alcohol
glyceryl monostearate
126
# **ALCOHOLS/POLYOLES**
**Primarily** as **thickening agents** and **stabilizers** for **o/w** emulsions of certain **lotions** and **ointments** used externally
cholesterol
127
# **ALCOHOLS/POLYOLES**
**Cholesterol** and **cholesterol derivatives** may also be employed in **externally used emulsions** to promote ____ emulsions
water in oil
128
# **ALCOHOLS/POLYOLES**
used to prepare **cream** and **ointments**
carbowaxes (PEG)
129
# **ALCOHOLS/POLYOLES**
Form **w/o** emulsion; **Rarely used** as they **darken** the preparation
LECITHIN
130
a type of emulsion that is commonly used in **oral preparations**
oil in water
131
# **SURFACTANTS/WETTING AGENTS**
Alkali soaps
Metallic soaps
Monovalent and Polyvalent soaps
triethanolamine oleate Sulfonates
ANIONIC
132
# **SURFACTANTS/WETTING AGENTS | ANIONIC**
form O/W emulsion
ALKALI SOAPS
133
# **SURFACTANTS/WETTING AGENTS | ANIONIC**
form W/O emulsion
Metallic soaps
Monovalent and Polyvalent soaps
134
# **SURFACTANTS/WETTING AGENTS | ANIONIC**
**triethanolamine oleate sulfonates** is also known as
sodium lauryl sulfate
135
# **SURFACTANTS/WETTING AGENTS**
**Quaternary** ammonium compounds
**Benzalkonium** chloride
**Cetyl trimethylammonium** bromide (cetrimide)
CATIONIC
136
# **SURFACTANTS/WETTING AGENTS | CATIONIC**
**Cetyl trimethylammonium bromide** is also known as
cetrimide
137
# **SURFACTANTS/WETTING AGENTS**
Sorbitan esters
Polysorbates
NONIONIC
138
# **SURFACTANTS/WETTING AGENTS | NONIONIC**
**SPANS**
hydro**phobic**
**low** HLB values
form **W/O** emulsions
SORBITAN ESTERS
139
# **SURFACTANTS/WETTING AGENTS | NONIONIC**
TWEENS
hydro**philic**
**high** HLB values
form **O/W** emulsions
POLYSORBATES
140
# **COLLOIDAL CLAY**
Bentonite
o/w, w/o
141
# **COLLOIDAL CLAY**
**oil** is **added** to **bentonite**
o/w
142
# **COLLOIDAL CLAY**
**bentonite** is **added** to **oil**
w/o
143
# **COLLOIDAL CLAY**
**magnesium** hydroxide
o/w
144
# **COLLOIDAL CLAY**
**aluminum** hydroxide
o/w
145
**HYDROPHILE – LIPOPHILE BALANCE** (HLB System) used to **classify** ____ surfactants
nonionic
146
**High** HLB values (**>10**) and Form **O/W** emulsion
hydrophilic surfactants
147
**Low** HLB values (**1-10**) and Form **W/O** emulsion
lipophilic surfactants
148
# **THEORIES OF EMULSIFICATION**
The use of surfactants result in the **lowering of interfacial tension** between two immiscible liquids
SURFACE TENSION THEROY
149
# **THEORIES OF EMULSIFICATION**
This theory assumes **monomolecular layers** of emulsifying agent **curved around a droplet** of the **internal phase**
ORIENTED WEDGE THEORY
150
# **THEORIES OF EMULSIFICATION**
This theory places the **emulsifying agent** at the **interface between** the **oil** and **water**, **surrounding** the **droplets** of the** internal phase** as a **thin layer of film** adsorbed on the surface of the drops
PLASTIC FILM THEORY or INTERFACIAL FILM THEORY
151
# **METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION**
* Known as (**English method**) and **4:2:1** of **oil:water:gum**
* **emulsifying agent** is **added** to the **water** (in which it is soluble) to **form a mucilage**, and then the **oil** is **slowly incorporated** to form the emulsion
WET GUM METHOD
152
# **METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION**
WET GUM METHOD is also known as
ENGLISH METHOD
4:2:1method
153
# **METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION**
* **Continental method** and **4:2:1** ratio of **oil: water: gum**
* the **emulsifying agent** (usually **acacia**) is mixed with the oil **before** the addition of water
DRY GUM METHOD
154
# **METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION**
DRY GUM METHOD is also known as
Continental method
4:2:1 method
155
# **METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION**
* **Forbes Bottle method** or **2:2:1** method
* 2:2:1 ratio of **oil:water:gum**
* Applicable to emulsions containing **Volatile Oils**.
bottle method
156
# **METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION**
BOTTLE METHOD is also known as
Forbes Bottle Method
2:2:1 method
157
# **METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION**
* **calcium soaps** and **soft soaps**.
* **Calcium soaps** are **w/o** emulsions that contain certain **vegetable oils**, such as **oleic acid**, in **combination** with **limewater**
* **Oil phase** - **olive oil** ( fatty acid is oleic acid)
* **Water phase** - **limewater** (freshly prepared)
* **Emulsifying agent**: **calcium oleate**
* **Method** use: **Forbes bottle method**
* **Mortar** method: when it contains **zinc oxide** and **calamine**
IN SITU SOAP METHOD or NONSCENT METHOD
158
# **METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION | IN SITU SOAP METHOD/NONSCENT METHOD**
**Calcium soaps** are **w/o** emulsions that contain certain **vegetable oils**, such as ____, in **combination** with **limewater**
oleic acid
159
# **METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION | IN SITU SOAP METHOD/NONSCENT METHOD**
**Calcium soaps** are **w/o** emulsions that contain certain **vegetable oils**, such as **oleic acid**, in **combination** with ____
limewater
160
# **METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION | IN SITU SOAP METHOD/NONSCENT METHOD**
oil phase
olive oil
161
# **METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION | IN SITU SOAP METHOD/NONSCENT METHOD**
water phase
limewater
162
# **METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION | IN SITU SOAP METHOD/NONSCENT METHOD**
emulsifying agent
calcium oleate
163
# **METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION | IN SITU SOAP METHOD/NONSCENT METHOD**
method used
forbes bottle method
164
# **METHODS OF PREPARING EMULSION | IN SITU SOAP METHOD/NONSCENT METHOD**
mortar method
when it contains zinc oxide and calamine
165
# **METHODS OF DETERMINING THE TYPE OF EMULSION**
Uses **methylene blue** or **brilliant blue** or **amaranth dye**
dye solubility test
166
# **METHODS OF DETERMINING THE TYPE OF EMULSION | DYE SOLUBILITY TEST**
If the **dye** is **dissolved** and **uniformly diffuse**
O/W
167
# **METHODS OF DETERMINING THE TYPE OF EMULSION | DYE SOLUBILITY TEST**
If the particle of the dye lie in **clumps** on the surface
W/O
168
# **METHODS OF DETERMINING THE TYPE OF EMULSION**
If freely mixes with water – O/W emulsion
If not diluted with water – W/O emulsion
DILUTION TEST
169
# **METHODS OF DETERMINING THE TYPE OF EMULSION | DILUTION TEST**
If **freely mixes** with water
O/W
170
# **METHODS OF DETERMINING THE TYPE OF EMULSION | DILUTION TEST**
If **not diluted** with water
W/O
171
# **METHODS OF DETERMINING THE TYPE OF EMULSION**
Conducts electric current - O/W emulsion
do not conduct electric current - W/O emulsion
ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY TEST
172
# **METHODS OF DETERMINING THE TYPE OF EMULSION | ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY**
**Conducts** electric current
O/W
173
# **METHODS OF DETERMINING THE TYPE OF EMULSION | ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY**
**do not conduct** electric current
W/O
174
# **STABILITY OF EMULSION**
**Aggregates** of **globules** of the internal phase **rise to the top** or **fall to the bottom** of emulsion
CREAMING
175
# **STABILITY OF EMULSION**
Takes place when the **internal phase** has a **lesser density** than the external phase
UPWARD CREAMING
176
# **STABILITY OF EMULSION**
Takes place if the **internal phase** is **denser** than the external phase
| REVERSIBLE (thru agitation)
DOWNWARD CREAMING
177
# **STABILITY OF EMULSION**
the process in which two or more droplet **“stick” together** to **form an aggregates**
FLOCCULATION
178
# **STABILITY OF EMULSION**
the process in which two or more droplets **merge together** to **form a single large droplets**
| destroyed
COALESCENCE
179
# **STABILITY OF EMULSION**
the process in which the **o/w emulsion changes to w/o emulsion** or **vice versa**
| IRREVERSIBLE, WORST
PHASE INVERSION
180
other term for **downward creaming**
SEDIMENTATION
181
are **pressurized** dosage forms that, upon actuation, **emit a fine dispersion** of **liquid and/or solid** materials containing one or more active ingredients in a **gaseous medium**
AEROSOL
182
Aerosol container is known as
pressurized package
183
designed to **expel their contents** as a **fine mist**; a **coarse, wet**, or **dry spray**; a **steady stream**; or a **stable** or a **fast-breaking foam**
aerosol products
184
# **TYPES OF AEROSOLS**
* commonly known as **metered-dose inhalers** (MDIs)
* produce **fine particles** or **droplets** **for inhalation** through the mouth and **deposition** in the **pulmonary tree**
INHALATION AEROSOLS
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# **TYPES OF AEROSOLS**
* known as **nasal MDIs**
* produce fine particles or droplets for delivery through the **nasal vestibule** and **deposition** in the **nasal cavity**
NASAL AEROSOLS
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# **TYPES OF AEROSOLS**
are intended to produce fine particles or droplets for **deposition** on the **surface of the tongue**
LINGUAL AEROSOLS
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# **TYPES OF AEROSOLS**
produce fine particles or droplets for **application to the skin**
TOPICAL AEROSOLS
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advantages of **aerosols**
1. **easily withdrawn** from package without contamination
2. **protects medicinal agents** affected by atmospheric oxygen & moisture
3. **applied in uniform layer** to the skin without anything else touching the affected area
4. use of metered valves -- **dosage may be controlled**
5. **clean process** -- requiring little to no washup
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disadvantages of **aerosols**
1. **costly**
2. some are **very toxic** (chlorofluorocarbon0
3. **cooling effect** of highly volative porpellants may cause discomfort
4. should be **kept** from **high temperature** and **fire**; may **develop high pressure**
5. lot of **difficulties** are faced if the **drug is not soluble with propellant**
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**Product concentrate** of aerosol
active ingredients
anti-oxidant
surfactants
solvent
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# **Types of propellant**
chlorofluorocarbon
tricholomonofluoromethane
dichlorofluoromethane
dichlorotetrafluoroethane
LIQUEFIED GAS
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# **Types of propellant**
carbon dioxide
nitrogen
nitrous oxide
compressed gas
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The **pressure** of an aerosol is controlled by
1. type & amount of propellant
2. nature & amount of product concentrate
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**Types** of aerosol
1. glass
2. metal
3. plastic
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# **AEROSOL | PARTS OF VALVE ASSEMBLY**
**Button** that user **press** to **activate the valve** assembly for **emission** of the product
ACTUATOR
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# **AEROSOL | PARTS OF VALVE ASSEMBLY**
**Support the actuator** and d**elivers the formulation** in the proper form to the chamber of the actuator
STEM
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# **AEROSOL | PARTS OF VALVE ASSEMBLY**
**Prevents leakage** of the formulation when the valve is closed
GASKET
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# **AEROSOL | PARTS OF VALVE ASSEMBLY**
**Holds the gasket in place** and **return the valve to closed position** when pressure is released
SPRING
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# **AEROSOL | PARTS OF VALVE ASSEMBLY**
Holds the valve in place
MOUNTING CAP
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# **AEROSOL | PARTS OF VALVE ASSEMBLY**
**Links** dip tube , stem and actuator
HOUSING
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# **AEROSOL | PARTS OF VALVE ASSEMBLY**
* Extend from **housing down into the product**
* **Brings formulation** from the **container to the valve**
DIP TUBE
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* Devices that allow a drug to be **inhaled** as a fine mist of drug or drug containing particles for **systemic** or **pulmonary delivery**
* Use **special metering valves** to regulate the amount of formulation and the drug that is dispensed in each dose
* Commonly employed in **asthma therapy**
METERED DOSE INHALER
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# **WAYS TO PREPARE AEROSOL**
Product concentrate and propellant are **cooled** at **-34.5** to **-40°C**
COLD FILLING
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# **WAYS TO PREPARE AEROSOL | COLD FILLING**
temperature used
-34.5C to -40C
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# **WAYS TO PREPARE AEROSOL**
* The **product concentrate** is quantitatively **placed** in the **aerosol container**, the **valve assembly** is **inserted** and **crimped** into place, and the **liquefied gas**, **under pressure**, is **metered into the valve stem** from a **pressure burette**
* used for **most** pharmaceutical aerosol
* **Less danger of moisture contamination** of the product
* **Less propellant** is **lost**
PRESSURE FILLING
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# **WAYS TO USE METERED DOSE INHALER**
for normal adult
shake
remove the mouthpiece
exhale
inhale then spray
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# **WAYS TO USE METERED DOSE INHALER**
for baby, geriatic
use of aero chamber known as spacer
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# **WAYS TO USE METERED DOSE INHALER**
aero chamber is also known as
spacer
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# **WAYS TO USE METERED DOSE INHALER**
what to do after:
adults
wash mouth
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# **WAYS TO USE METERED DOSE INHALER**
what to do:
for babies
mouth & tounge should be washed first to prevent oral thrush
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is an emulsion dosage form containing **dispersed gas bubbles** packaged in **pressurized containers** or **special dispensing devices** and are **intended for application** to the **skin** or **mucous membranes**
FOAM
