SOLUTIONS Flashcards
1
Q
Type of drug delivery where dermatological product is designed to deliver the drug into the skin in treating dermal disorders
A
TOPICAL DERMATOLOGICAL PRODUCT
2
Q
Type of drug delivery where product is designed to deliver drugs through the skin (percutaneous absorption) to the general circulation for systemic effects, with the skin not being the target organ
A
TRANSDERMAL PRODUCT
3
Q
Are semisolid preparations intended for external application of such consistency that they may be readily applied to the skin with or without rubbing
A
OINTMENTS
4
Q
Ointment that is used for treatment of cutaneous infections
A
MEDICATED OINTMENT
5
Q
Another term for non-medicated ointment
A
OINTMENT BASES
6
Q
Test of Microorganisms for dermatological products
A
Staphylococcus aureus
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
7
Q
Organisms tested for rectal, urethral or vaginal route
A
yeast
mold
8
Q
Are semisolid preparations containing one or more medicinal agents dissolved or dispersed in either a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion or an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion or in another type of water-washable base.
A
PHARMACEUTICAL CREAM
9
Q
Advantage of creams over ointment
A
EASIER TO SPREAD & REMOVE
10
Q
Methods of preparation for creams
A
FUSION METHOD
11
Q
Are semisolid systems consisting of dispersions of small or large molecules in an aqueous liquid vehicle rendered jelly-like by the addition of a gelling agent
A
GELS
12
Q
- Thicker and stiffer than ointments
- More absorptive and less greasy than ointments
- Effective employed to absorb serous secretions and therefore preferred for crusting and oozing lesions
A
PASTES
13
Q
Example of pastes
A
Zinc oxide
(Lassar’s Plain Zinc Paste)
14
Q
Are solid or semisolid adhesive masses spread upon a suitable backing material and intended for external application to a part of the body to provide prolonged contact at that site
A
PLASTERS
15
Q
Substance is melted prior to application, cooled and applied with a fine brush
A
GLYCEROGELATIN
16
Q
Official Glycerogelatin that is used for the treatment of various ulcers
A
ZINC GELATIN
(Zinc Gelatin Boot)
17
Q
Are ointment like preparations intended for warm, external application to a body surface for the purpose of reducing inflammation and/or allaying pain
A
CATAPLASM / POULTICES
18
Q
Examples of cataplasm
A
NUMOTIZINE CATAPLASM
19
Q
Uses of Ointment
A
protectants
emollients
lubricants
20
Q
Give the 2 types of ointment
A
medicated ointment
unmedicated ointment
21
Q
Give examples of medicated ointment
A
Sulfur ointment
Zinc oxide ointment
Whitfield ointment
Compound REsorcinol ointment
22
Q
Uses of non-medicated ointment
A
protectants
emollients
lubricants
23
Q
4 types of ointment base
A
oleaginous bases
absorption bases
water-removable bases
water-soluble bases
24
Q
Examples of Hydrocarbon bases
A
Petrolatum USP
White petrolatum
White ointment
Yellow ointment
Mineral oil
25
**Methods** of **Preparing** ointment
Incorporation method
Fusion method
Melting all the components together by increasing temp
26
**Packaging** of ointment
large-mouth ointment jar
metal or plastic tubes
27
Types of **creams**
water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion
oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion
28
Components of a **gel**
gelling agent
water
solvents
antimicrobial preservatives
satbilizers
drug substance
29
**Mode of administration** for gels
skin
eye
nose
rectum
vagina
30
Components of **Plasters**
adhesive material
backing material
medicinal substance
31
Types of Plasters
unmedicated
medicated
32
plasters for **protection** & **mechanical support**
UNMEDICATED PLASTERS
33
plasters that **provide effects at the site of application**
MEDICATED PLASTERS
34
# TYPE OF CREAMS
Cold cream
water-in-oil
35
# TYPES OF CREAMS
Hydrophilic ointment
oil-in-water
36
# TYPE OF PLASTERS
Adhesive tape
unmedicated plaster
37
# TYPE OF PLASTERS
Salicylic acid plaster
MEDICATED PLASTERS
38
Components of **Glycerogelatin**
Gelatin
Glycerin
Water
Medicinal substance
39
# COMPONENTS OF GLYCEROGELATIN
how many %:
GELATIN
15%
40
# COMPONENTS OF GLYCEROGELATIN
how many %:
GLYCERIN
40%
41
# COMPONENTS OF GLYCEROGELATIN
how many %:
WATER
35%
42
# COMPONENTS OF GLYCEROGELATIN
how many %:
MEDICINAL SUBSTANCE
10%
43
How **cataplasms** are applied
should be **warmed** before application & applied with a piece of cloth
44
is an **air-excluding**, **soft**, **pliable**, **analgesic**, **splint –like covering** for surfaces denuded by wound
PARAFFIN DRESSING, NF
45
Any material used as **covering**, **protective**, or **support** for a diseased part
SURGICAL DRESSING
46
**semisolid** dressing
PRIMARY WOUND DRESSING
47
**antiseptic solutions** dressing
WET DRESSINGS
48
Another term for **oleaginous base**
HYDROCARBON BASES
49
* **Water free** and contain **petrolatum** and/or modified **petroleum waxes** or **paraffin oil**
* **retained** on the skin for **prolonged periods**
* **Do not** permit the **escape of moisture** from the skin
* **Difficult to wash-of**f (greasy)
* Used for **emollient** and **occlusive action**
HYDROCARBON BASES
50
* Are **not easily removed** from the skin **with water washing**
* Useful as **pharmaceutical adjuncts** to incorporate** small volumes of aqueous solutions** into hydrocarbon bases
ABSORPTION BASES
51
* Oil-in-Water emulsion **resembling creams** in appearance
* Are **easily washed** from the skin and are often called “**WATER-WASHABLE**” bases
* May be **diluted** with water or with aqueous solutions
WATER REMOVABLE BASES
52
* They have the **ability** to **absorb serous discharges**
* Commonly referred to as “**greaseless**” ointment base
* **Water-washable**, because of the **absence of oleaginous material**
* **Soften** with the **addition of large amount** of aqueous solutions
* **PEG3350 (40%)**
WATER SOLUBLE BASES
53
* Provide **extended residence time** on the surface of the eye.
* Cleared from the eye as slowly as **0.5% per minute**
* Ointment bases should have a **softening** point **close to body temperature**, both for comfort and for drug release
* Must be packaged in **collapsible ointment tubes** having **elongated narrow tip**
* Must meet USP sterility test and requirements for metal particles
OPHTHALMIC
54
Intended for **local effects** on the **mucous membrane** and underlying tissues (**nasal decongestants**)
NASAL
55
Used in the topical treatment of **vulvovaginal infections**, **vaginitis**, **endometrial atrophy** and for **contraception with spermatocidal agents**
VAGINAL
56
* to treat local conditions of **anorectal pruritus**, **inflammation**, and the **pain** and **discomfort** associated with **hemorrhoids**
* are packaged with **special perforated plastic tips**
RECTAL
57
* applied for **skin** to **treat pathological conditions**
* **smooth**, **non-staining**, **miscible** with **skin secretions**
SEMISOLID PREPARATIONS
58
gives **thickness** to the preparation
VISCOSITY AGENT
59
prevent **drying**
HUMECTANT
60
**emulsifying agents** are used for
CREAMS
61
* **purified mixture** of semisolid hydrocarbons **obtained from petroleum**
* **yellowish to light amber** in color
* melts at **38C to 60C**
* also known as **yellow petrolatum** or **petroleum jelly**
PETROLATUM USP
62
Petrolatum USP is also known as
| 2
yellow etrolatum
petroleum jelly
63
commercial product of **Petrolatum USP**
VASELINE (Chesebrough-Ponds)
64
* has been **wholly** or **nearly decolorized**
* considered **more aesthetically pleasing**
* also known as **white petroleum jelly**
WHITE PETROLATUM
65
White Petrolatum is also known as
WHITE PETROLEUM JELLY
66
commercial product of White Petrolatum
WHITE VASELINE
67
* obtained from the **honeycomb** of the bee *Apis mellifera*
* also called as **simple ointment**
* has **slightly greater viscosity** than plain petrolatum
YELLOW WAX
68
**Yellow wax** is also called as
SIMPLE OINTMENT
69
**yellow wax + petrolatum**
YELLOW OINTMENT
70
* **decolorized** yellow wax
* **bleached** & purified yellow wax
WHITE WAX
71
**white wax + white petrolatum**
WHITE OINTMENT
72
* used as **emollients**
* **do not** provide **degree of occlusion**
* **not easily removed** from the skin **with water washing**
* useful as **pharmaceutical adjuncts** to incorporate small volumes of aqueous solutions into hydrocarbon bases
ABSORPTION BASES
73
* **cholesterol + stearyl alcohol + white wax + white petrolatum**
* have the capacity to **absorb up to three times their weight in water** and are useful to **help incorporate a water-soluble drug into an oleaginous base**
* **Aquaphor & Aquabase**
HYDROPHILIC PETROLATUM
74
a 50% W/O emulsion
EUCERIN
75
* obtained from the **wool of sheep** (*Ovis aries*)
* a purified **waxlike substance** that has been **cleaned**, **deodorized**, and **decolorized**
* contains **not more than 0.25% water**
LANOLIN
76
PEGs that are **clear**, **colorless liquids**
average molwt **below 600**
77
PEGs that are **waxlike white materials**
molwt **above 1000**
78
**semisolids** PEGs
molwt **in between** 600 & 1000
79
generally applied to **dry**, **scaly skin**
OINTMENT
80
applied to **weeping** or **oozing surfaces**
CREAMS
81
applied to **intertriginous areas** or where **friction may occur**
| between thighs or under the armpit
LOTION
82
# METHOD OF PREPARATION
* **spatulation with geometric dilution** technique
* trituration using **mortar & pestle with levigation**
* **pulverization by intervention**
INCORPORATION
83
allows the pharmacist to place the ingredients in a plastic ointment jar with a **special lid that allows for a mixing blade** to be used to mix the ingredients in the dispensing container
UNGUATOR
84
Levigating agent for bases in which **oils** are the **external phase**
MINERAL OIL
85
Levigating agent for bases in which **water** are the **external phase**
GLYCERIN
86
**levigating agent** should be ____ to the **solid material**
EQUAL
87
* used for incorporating a **gummy material** (such as **camphor**) that cannot be ground or levigated to an impalpable size
* the material is dissolved in a solvent and **spread out on the pill tile**
* the **solvent** is allowed to **evaporate**, leaving a **thin film** of the material onto which the other ingredients are spread
PULVERIZATION BY INTERVENTION
88
may be added to oleaginous bases
ALCOHOLIC SOLUTIONS
89
should be mixed with the **equal amount** of **castor oil** before incorporation
BALSAMS
90
# METHODS OF PREPARATION OF OINTMENTS
all or some of the components of an ointment are combined by being **melted together** and **cooled with constant stirring** until **congealed**
FUSION METHOD
91
are usually **added last** when the **temperature** of the mixture is **low enough** not to cause decomposition or volatilization of the components
HEAT-LABILE SUBSTANCES
VOLATILE COMPONENTS
92
on **large** scales, **fusion method** is carried out in
LARGE STEAM-JACKETED KETTLES
93
**Medicated ointments** and **ointment bases** containing components such as **beeswax**, **paraffin**, **stearyl alcohol**, and **high molecular weight PEGs**, which **do not lend themselves well to mixture by incorporation** are prepared by
FUSION METHOD
94
# FUSION METHOD
materials with the **highest melting points** are heated to the ___________
LOWEST REQUIRED TEMPERATURE
95
# FUSION EMTHOD
**water-immiscible** components such as **oil** and **waxes** are melted together in a steam bath about **what temperature**
70C - 75C
96
# FUSION METHOD
an aqueous solution of the **heat-stable**, **water-soluble** components is prepared and heated to the **same temperature** as the ____
OLEAGINOUS COMPONENTS
97
these are **not** required to be **sterile**
TOPICAL APPLICATIONS
98
**test** for semisolid preparations
VISCOSITY TEST
99
* test that include the diffusion cell studies to determine the **drug's release profile** from the semisolid product
* **what time the drug produced the effects**
IN VITRO DRUG RELEASE TEST
100
# WHAT TYPE OF GELLING AGENT
carbomer 934
synthetic macromolecules
101
# WHAT TYPE OF GELLING AGENT
carbocymethylcellulose
hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
cellulose derivatives
102
**high molecular weight water-soluble polymers** of acrylic acid **cross-linked** with **allyl ethers** of **sucrose** and/or **pentaerythritol**
CARBOMERS
103
concentration of **carbomers** as gelling agents
0.5% - 2.0%
104
yields the **highest viscosity**, between **40,000 - 60,000** centipoises as a 0.5% aqueous solution
CARBOMER 940
105
gels in which the macromolecules are **uniformly distributed** throughout the liquid with **no apparent boundaries** between the dispersed macromlecules and liquid
SINGLE-PHASE GELS
106
a gel mass consisting of **floccules of small distinct particles** is termed
TWO-PHASE SYSTEM
107
two-phase system is often referred to as
MAGMA
108
* a **clear**, **colorless gel** containing **testosterone**
* it is an **androgen** indicated for **replacement therapy** in adult males for conditions associated with a **deficiency** or **absence** of **endogenous testosterone**
ANDROGEL 1.62%
109
can be administered by **teat infusion** in **veterinary medicine** to **treat mastitis**
ANTIBIOTIC-CONTAINING GELS
110
packaging & storage of **GELS**
tight containers
avoid freezing
111
* generally contain a **larger proportion** of solid material (about **25%**)
* **stiffer** & **thicker**
* **more absorptive** & **less greasy**
* has the **most powder content**
PASTE
112
**not suited** for application to the **hairy parts** of the body
PASTE
113
prepared by mixing **25%** each of **zinc oxide** & **starch** with **white petrolatum**
ZINC OXIDE PASTE
Lassar's Plain Zinc Paste
114
an example of **unmedicated plasters** that is **waterproof** and commonly used in **hospitals**
TEGRADERM
115
the adhesive material in a plaster is a ____
RUBBER BASE or SYNTHETIC RESIN
116
* a plaster used in **toes** for the **removal of corns**
* the **horny layers** of the skin are **removed** by the **keratolytic action**
* concentration ranges from **10% - 40%**
SALICYLIC ACID PLASTER
117
**limited** by the **short residence time** on the surface of the eye because of rapid removal by tearing and other natural mechanisms
OPHTHALMIC DRUG PENETRATION
118
**Provide extended residence time** on the surface of the eye, **increasing** the **duration** of their **surface effects** and **bioavailability for absorption** into the ocular tissues.
OPHTHALMIC OINTMENTS & GELS
119
ointment bases used for ophthalmics should have a ____ close to _____
SOFTENING POINT close to BODY TEMPERATURE
120
most often used as base in medicated and unmedicated ophthalmic ointments
white petrolatum
liquid petrolatum (mineral oil)
121
**water-absorbing agent** that can be added to ophthalmic ointments
LANOLIN
122
# OPHTHALMIC OINTMENTS & GELS
this form **permits water** and **water-insoluble** drugs to be **retained within the base**
GEL BASE
| PEG & mineral oil
123
ophthalmic ointment is made **uniform** and **smooth** by
FINE MILLING
124
are **ineffective** because **neither** is **capable** of **penetrating** the ointment base
STEAM STREILIZATION
ETHYLENE OXIDE METHODS
125
**sterilization** used for ophthalmic ointments & gels
DRY HEAT STERILIZATION
126
bases in **anorectal ointments & creams**
PEG 300 & 3350
127
emulsion cream bases
cetyl alcohol
cetyl esters wax
white petrolatum
mineral oil
128
anitmicrobial preservatives
methylparaben
propylparaben
bnzyl alcohol
butylated hydroxyanisole
129
**rectal ointments** and **creams** are packaged with ____
SPECIAL **PERFORATED PLASTIC TIPS**
130
**PROCTOFOAM-HC, SCHWARZ**
* for hemorrhoids
RECTAL AEROSOL FOAM
131
may be **treated locally** with hormones **dienestrol** and **progesterone**, which are used to **restore the vaginal mucosa** to its **normal state**
ENDOMETRIAL ATROPHY
