Diversity of Eukaryotic Microorganisms

Question 1

What type of rRNA genes are used for phylogeny of eukaryotes and what is the issue?

Answer 1

18S rRNA genes, but the relation hip is not as strong as the prokaryotes

Question 2

What is Archaeplastida?

Answer 2

group of photosynthetic eukaryotic microorganisms
wide range of morphology

Question 3

What are the ranges of morphology?

Answer 3

unicellular- Chlamydomonas sp.
Attached together- coenobium
embedded in mucilage- tetrasporales
colony- Volvox sp.

Question 4

What is green algae called?

Answer 4

chlorophytes, freshwater, and have sexual and asexual reproduction

Question 5

What type of algae grows inside porous rocks?

Answer 5

Endolithic algae

Question 6

What is red algae called and some examples?

Answer 6

rhodophytes, marine
ex) cyanidioschyzon merolae (unusually small),
polysiphonia (marine)
Galdieria (found in hot springs)

Question 7

Where does the red color come from?

Answer 7

phycoerythrin, an accessory pigment

Question 8

Differentiate yeast, hyphae, mycelium, septate hyphae, and non septate hyphae

Answer 8

yeast- unicellular fungi
hyphae- mass of branching filaments
mycelium- whole mass of hyphae
septate hyphae- have visual crosswalls
non-septate hyphae- have NO crosswalls

Question 9

What is microsporidia?

Answer 9

tiny unicellular parasites that don’t have mitochondria, hydrogenosomes, and Golgi apparatus (fungi)
ex) Encephalitozoon intestinales

Question 10

What is chytridiomycota?

Answer 10

oldest most primitive fungi, coenocytic hyphae
ex) Batrachochytrium sp.

Question 11

What is glomeromycotan?

Answer 11

coenocytic hyphae, dependent on symbiosis with land plants
ex) Glomus sp.

Question 12

What is zygomycetes?

Answer 12

bread mold
ex) Rhizopus sp.

Question 13

What are the sexual and asexual reproduction classifications for zygomycetes?

Answer 13

zygospores- sexual reproduction
sporangiospores- asexual reproduction

Question 14

What is yeast?

Answer 14

unicellular fungi. asexual reproduction- budding of yeast (blastospore)
ex) Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Question 15

What are ascomycetes?

Answer 15

mold and yeast with septate hyphae
sac fungi
ex) Morchella esculenta

Question 16

What are the sexual and asexual reproduction classifications for ascomycetes?

Answer 16

ascospores- sexual reproduction (rare)
conidiospores- asexual spores (common)

Question 17

What are basidiomycetes?

Answer 17

mold and yeast with septate hyphae
club fungi
ex) Amanita sp.

Question 18

What are the sexual and asexual reproduction classifications for basidiomycetes?

Answer 18

basidiospores- sexual reproduction (common)
conidiospores- asexual spores (rare)

Question 19

What are deuteromyctes?

Answer 19

mold and yeast with septate hyphae, with no sexual stage
has a fungal and yeast phase
most human pathogens
ex) Histoplasma capsulatum

Question 20

What are types of protists?

Answer 20

excavata, alveolata, stramenopiles, rhizaria, amoebozoa

Question 21

What are parabasalids?

Answer 21

Protist- excavata
has a parabasal body with no mitochondria and introns
ex) Trichomonas vaginalis (STD)

Question 22

What are Diplomonads?

Answer 22

Protist- excavata
have 2 nuclei of same size and have mitosomes
ex) Giardia intestinalis

Question 23

What are symptoms of Giardia lamblia and how is it transferred?

Answer 23

mild diarrhea and stomach ache, transmitted by cysts to food and water

Question 24

What are kinetoplastids?

Answer 24

Protist- excavata
unicellular flagellated eukaryotes with a crystalline rod
have kinetoplast, which is where the DNA is stored in the mitochondria
ex) Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (African sleeping sickness)

Question 25

What are euglenids?

Answer 25

Protist- excavata unicellular flagellated eukaryotes with a crystalline rod Can feed on bacteria by phagocytosis and contains chloroplasts ex) Euglena

Question 26

What are alveolates?

Answer 26

Protist, has alveoli sacs under cytoplasmic membrane members are ciliates, dinoflagellates, and apicomplexans

Question 27

What are ciliates?

Answer 27

Protist- alveolata organisms with cilia ex) Balantidium coli

Question 28

What are dinoflagellates?

Answer 28

Protist- alveolata have two flagella with different insertion points on the cell ex) Pfiesteria piscicida- massive fish disease with red tides

Question 29

What are apicomplexans?

Answer 29

Protist- alveolata non motile, parasitic ex) Crytosporidiun sp., Plasmodium sp. (Malaria)

Question 30

What are stramenopiles?

Answer 30

contains oomycetes, diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae

Question 31

What are oomycetes?

Answer 31

Protist- stramenopiles water molds based on filamentous growth and presence of coenocytic hyphae

Question 32

What are diatoms?

Answer 32

Protist- stramenopiles cell walls are made out of silica and called frustules, have over 100,000 species of diatoms

Question 33

What are golden algae?

Answer 33

Protist- stramenopiles have chrysophytes that look golden-brown

Question 34

What are brown algae?

Answer 34

Protist- stramenopiles seaweeds that aren't unicellular

Question 35

What are rizaria?

Answer 35

have threadlike pseudopodia contains chlorarachniophytes- phototropic organism that has a flagellum foraminifera-have shell-like structures called tests that are made of calcium carbonate (White Cliffs of Dover)

Question 36

What are radiolarians?

Answer 36

Protist-rizaria radial symmetry of tests that are made of silica

Question 37

What is Amoebozoa?

Answer 37

use pseudopodia for movement and feeding, and contains gymnamoebas, entamoebas, and slime molds

Question 38

What are entamoeba and the associated disease?

Answer 38

Protist- Amoebozoa contains Entamoeba hystolytica that causes dysentery and transmitted by cysts in food and water

Question 39

What are plasmodial slime molds?

Answer 39

Protist- Amoebozoa move as a plasmodium-mass whose nuclei are not separated by a cell membrane ex) Physarum sp.

Question 40

What are cellular slime molds stages?

Answer 40

Protist- Amoebozoa myxamoeba stage- amoeboid Pseudoplasmodium- slug like mass of cells with slime trail sorocarp- eventually produce spores ex) Dictyostelium discoideum