Human Body Test Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
Function of Digestive System
A
-Physically and chemically breaks down food to allow the absorption of nutrients
2
Q
Function of Circulatory System
A
-Transports blood throughout the body by:
-delivering O2 and nutrients to tissues and remaining waste products like CO2
3
Q
Function of Nervous System
A
-Collects and interprets data from the body’s internal and external environment and controls responses
-Processing center for sensory input, using input to elicit appropriate responses
4
Q
Function of Excretory System
A
-Remove waste products from the body
-Maintains fluid balance
-Regulates electrolyte levels
5
Q
Function of Respiratory System
A
-Exchanges gases between interior and exterior environment
-Responsible for the inhalation of oxygen and the exhalation of Carbon dioxide
6
Q
Function of the Skeletal System
A
-Supports and helps with movement
-Protects internal organs
-Produces blood cells
-Stores minerals
7
Q
Function of Muscular System
A
-Enables the human body to move voluntarily and involuntarily
8
Q
Function of Endocrine System
A
-Helps, produce, store, and secrete hormones
-Helps the regulation of body processes through hormone production
9
Q
Function of Immune System
A
-Protects the body from foreign invaders like bacteria,viruses, and fungi in addition to abnormal cells like cancer cells
10
Q
Function of Integumentary System
A
-Works to protect the body from the external environment and works with other body systems to regulate internal processes (homeostasis)
-Regulates the body temperature
11
Q
Function of Lymphatic System
A
-Helps the body maintain fluid balance and protects/helps the body fights infectious diseases
12
Q
Function Reproductive System
A
-Controlled by hormones produced by the pituitary gland in the brain and the reproductive organs themselves
-Produces reproduces cells that will generate offspring
13
Q
Major organs of Digestive system
A
-Mouth/Esophagus
-Stomach
-Small Intestine
-Large Intestine
14
Q
Major organs of Circulatory system
A
-The heart,blood, blood vessels
15
Q
Major organs of the nervous system
A
-Brain
-Spinal Cord
-Nerves
16
Q
Major organs of excretory system
A
-kidney
Skin
Liver
Lungs
17
Q
Major organs of the repository system
A
-Lungs
-Diaphragm
-Trachea
-Bronchi
-Bronchioles
-Alveoli
18
Q
Majors organs of skeletal system
A
-Bones
-Cartilage
-Ligaments
-Joints
19
Q
Major organs of Muscular system
A
-Skeletal muscle
-Cardiac muscle
-smooth muscle
20
Q
Major organs of Endocrine System
A
-Hypothalamus
-Pituitory Gland
-Pineal Gland
-Thyroid
-Parathyroid
-Thymus
-Ovaries
-Testis
-Pancreas
-Adrenal gland
21
Q
Major organs of immune system
A
-Bone marac
-Thymus
-Spleen
-Lymph nodes
-Tonsils
22
Q
Major organs of Integumentary system
A
-skin
-hair
-nails
23
Q
Major organs of lymphatic system
A
-Tonsils
-Thymus
-Lymph nodes
-Superficial lymph
-Spleen
24
Q
Major organs of reproductive system
A
-Male
-testes -scrotum -epididymis -vas deferens -seminal vesicles -prostate -urethra
-Female
-Pituitary gland - ovaries - fallopian tubes -cervix -vagina
25
Homeostasis
-Maintain by negative feedback loops
-The relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain despite changes in internal and external environments; maintaining a steady state
26
Feedback inhibition
-The process in which a stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus
Ex:
-When a thermostat senses temperature change and turns the heating system on and off; the temperature change would be the stimulus
27
Role of liver in maintaining homeostasis
When blood sugar is high, the liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen and blood glucose level declines
When blood glucose level rises the body is able to maintain homeostasis
28
How does feedback inhibition help the body maintain homeostasis?
It controls temperature
29
Describe how a person uses multiple organ systems to accomplish a simple task such as brushing their teeth
- You use skeletal system to bend your arm and you use the nervous system which tells you to brush your teeth
30
4 types of tissue
-Connective tissue
-Muscle tissue
-Epithelial tissue
-Nervous tissue
31
Connective tissue
-Fills space and connects with other tissues
-Ex:
-Ligaments like the ACL
32
Muscle tissue
-Contracts
-3 types
-Cardiac muscle
-found only in the heart
-Smooth muscle
-found in hollow areas/organs
-Skeletal muscle
-found in your muscles
33
Epithelial Tissue
-Covers surfaces
-Either simple or stratified
-Simple = 1 layer
-Stratified = several layers
Ex:
-Skin is an example of a stratified tissue
34
Nervous tissue
-Composed of neurons and supporting cells (glia)
-Responsible for transmitting electrical impulses (action potentials)
-Sensory input ---> motor output
35
Pulmonary circulation
the circulatory pathway that moves blood between the heart and lungs to allow for gas exchange, specifically the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
36
systemic circulation
The pathway of blood circulation that moves originated blood from the heart to the body's tissues and then back to the heart
37
four components of blood with functions
-Plasma: transports nutrients, hormones, proteins, waste products, and maintains blood pressure and pH balance
-Red blood cells: carries oxygen from the lungs and delivers it throughout the body
-White blood cells: defends against infections and diseases by identifying and destroying pathogens like bacteria,viruses, and fungi.
-Platelets: prevents and stops bleedings
38
What is the space between neurons called?
-Synapse
39
How would a nerve impulse travel between that space?
Nerve impulses travels between these synapses through neurotransmitters which are chemicals that transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell
40
What are the three functions of the nervous sytem
The nervous system collects information about the body''s internal and external environment, processes that information, and responds to it
41
Major structural components of the nervous system
-Neuron
-Brain
-Spinal Cord
42
Anatomy
the study of the physical structure and parts of organisms
43
Physiology
the study of the function of the physical structure and parts of an organism
44
Levels of organization
-Cells
-Tissues
-Organ
-Organ system
-Organism
45
Negative feedback loop
a regulatory mechanism where a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the original change, bringing the system back to a desired state
46
Positive feedback loop
a process where the effect of an initial stimulus is amplified or intensified, leading to a further increase in the same direction
a process where the effect of an initial stimulus is amplified or intensified, leading to a further increase in the same direction
47
Example of negative feedback loop
a thermostat regulating room temperature. When the room gets too warm, the thermostat triggers the heater to turn off, and when the room gets too cold, it triggers the heater to turn on again, bringing the temperature back towards the set point. This cycle aims to maintain a stable temperature.
48
Example of positive feedback loop
the relationship between global warming and melting ice: as the planet warms, melting ice exposes darker surfaces (land or ocean) that absorb more heat, further warming the planet and leading to more ice melt, creating a self-reinforcing cycle.
49
Why is homeostasis important to the human body?
-It ensures that various bodily functions, like temperature regulation, fluid balance, and blood glucose levels, stay within optimal ranges despite external changes. This internal balance allows cells and organs to work efficiently, supporting overall health and well-being.
50
How does a negative feedback loop help maintain homeostasis?
counteracting changes in a system, ensuring that a variable stays within a desired range. Essentially, the product of a reaction leads to a decrease in that reaction, bringing the system closer to its stable state.
51
How is a positive feedback loop useful in the body?
-A positive feedback loop starts with a stimulus that triggers a response, and that response in turn amplifies the initial stimulus, creating a cycle that intensifies the effect.
-Ex:
-During childbirth, the baby's pressure on the cervix triggers the release of oxytocin, which then stimulates stronger uterine contractions. These contractions, in turn, push the baby further down, increasing pressure on the cervix and releasing even more oxytocin, creating a positive feedback loop that continues until the baby is born.
52
What happens during ingestion?
53
What happens during mechanical digestion?
54
What happens during chemical digestion?
55
What happens during absorption?
56
What happens during elimination?
57
What is the function of the pancreas in digestion?
producing and releasing enzymes that break down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats
58
What is the function of the pancreas to maintain homeostasis?
regulating blood sugar levels through the production and release of hormones like insulin and glucagon
59
Villi
tiny, finger-like tissues inside the walls of the small intestine.
60
How do villi help the small intestine perform its function?
-enhance the small intestine's ability to absorb nutrients
-These finger-like projections increase the surface area of the small intestine lining, allowing for more efficient absorption of digested food. The villi also have a rich blood supply and thin walls, facilitating the quick transfer of absorbed nutrients into the bloodstream.
61
What role does saliva play in digestion? What enzyme is found in it and what does it break down?
-Saliva contains special enzymes that help digest the starches in your food
-The enzyme that is found in it is amylase
-Amylase breaks down starches into sugars which your body can easily absorb
62
What is the function of the epiglottis during swallowing? Why is it important?
During swallowing, the epiglottis, a small flap of tissue, folds over the opening of the windpipe (trachea) to prevent food and liquids from entering the respiratory system. This action is crucial for preventing aspiration, which is when food or liquids enter the lungs instead of the esophagus.
63
Where and how are lipids chemically digested?
-primarily in the small intestine, with some initial digestion occurring in the stomach and mouth
- Lipids are chemically digested primarily in the small intestine through a combination of emulsification by bile salts and enzymatic action by lipases. Bile salts break down large fat globules into smaller droplets, increasing the surface area for digestive enzymes to act. Lipases, secreted by the pancreas, then hydrolyze triglycerides into fatty acids, monoglycerides, and glycerol.
64
Where and how are proteins chemically digested?
Where are proteins chemically digested in both the stomach and small intestine
Proteins are chemically digested by starts in the stomach with pepsin and hydrochloric acid breaking down proteins into smaller peptides. The digestion continues in the small intestine with pancreatic enzymes like trypsin and chymotrypsin and enzymes from the brush border further breaking down these peptides into amino acids, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream.
65
Where and how are carbohydrates chemically digested?
-Small intestine
-Carbohydrates are chemically digested by begins in the mouth with salivary amylase, continues in the small intestine with pancreatic amylase and brush border enzymes, and culminates in the absorption of monosaccharides like glucose into the bloodstream
66
Where and how are nucleic acids chemically digested?
Nucleic acids are chemically digested in the small intestine
-Deoxyribonuclease (for DNA) and ribonuclease (for RNA) from the pancreas break down nucleic acids into smaller nucleotides. These nucleotides are then further broken down by intestinal brush border enzymes (nucleosidases and phosphatases) into individual components: pentoses (sugars), phosphates, and nitrogenous bases.
67
What occurs at the alveoli in terms of gas exchange?
the movement of oxygen from the inhaled air into the blood, and the movement of carbon dioxide from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled
68
Describe the interaction between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries. Which gases are exchanged?
n the lungs, the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries interact to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. Oxygen moves from the air in the alveoli to the blood in the capillaries, while carbon dioxide moves from the blood in the capillaries to the air in the alveoli. This exchange occurs due to a concentration difference, with oxygen being more concentrated in the alveoli and carbon dioxide being more concentrated in the blood.
69
Explain the role of the diaphragm in breathing. What happens during inhalation and exhalation?
-During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts, flattening and moving downward. This action increases the space in the chest cavity, allowing the lungs to expand and draw air in. During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes, returning to its dome-shaped position, which reduces the space in the chest cavity and forces air out of the lungs.
-During inhalation, it contracts and flattens, expanding the chest cavity and drawing air into the lungs. During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and returns to its dome shape, pushing air out.
70
Function of red blood cells
transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carry carbon dioxide waste back to the lungs for exhalation
71
Function of white blood cells
protecting against infections and other diseases
72
Function of platelets
prevent and stop bleeding, acting as a plug at sites of injury
73
Function of plasma
serves as a vital transport system in the body, delivering nutrients, hormones, and waste products while also helping to maintain blood pressure, volume, and pH balance
74
What are the four chambers of the heart and what direction does the blood flow through them?
-Four chambers of the heart
-two atria (right and left) and two ventricles (right and left)
-The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps the oxygen-rich blood to the body.
75
What is the difference between pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation?
Pulmonary circulation is the loop that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and returns to the heart. Systemic circulation is the loop that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients, and then returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.
76
Function of Arteries
delivering oxygen and nutrients, and regulating blood flow through vasoconstriction and vasodilation
77
Function of Veins
return blood to the heart, primarily carrying deoxygenated blood from the body tissues back to the heart for re-oxygenation in the lungs.
78
Function of Capillaries
deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells and remove carbon dioxide and other waste products
79
Differentiate between the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
-Central nervous system: the kidneys selectively move certain substances from the blood and into the tubular fluid (filtrate) in the nephrons
-Peripheral nervous system:
a network of nerves that connects the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) to the rest of the body
-Difference:
-Their location and function. The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, serving as the body's command center, while the PNS comprises the nerves extending throughout the body, connecting the CNS to other parts of the body and the external environment.
80
What happens at a synapse? What is the role of neurotransmitters?
- neurotransmitters are released by one neuron (the presynaptic neuron) and then bind to receptors on another neuron (the postsynaptic neuron).
-neurotransmitters are chemicals messengers that facilitate communication between nerve cells (neurons) and other cells in the body
81
What are the major functions of the brain and spinal cord?
-The brain controls thoughts, memory, movement, coordinating functions like breathing, heart rate, and digestion
-The spinal cord serves central pathway for communication between the brain and the rest of the body
82
List the two main divisions of the PNS and describe their functions.
-Divisions
-Somatic nervous system
-Autonomic nervous system
Functions
-The somatic nervous system controls voluntary moments and sensory input
-The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary bodily functions heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure
83
What does the skin remove from the body?
-waste products
84
What does the lungs remove from the body?
-carbon dioxide
85
What does the liver remove from the body?
-toxins, drugs, alcohol, and waste products like bilirubin
86
What does the kidneys remove from the body?
waste products and excess water from blood forming urine
87
Four steps of urine formation in the kidney
-Filtration
-Reabsorption
-Secretion
-Elimination
88
Filtration
filtering blood, regulating fluids and electrolytes, and producing hormones
89
Reabsorption
filtering blood, regulating fluids and electrolytes, and producing hormones
90
Secretion
the kidneys selectively move certain substances from the blood and into the tubular fluid (filtrate) in the nephrons
91
Elimination
the kidneys selectively move certain substances from the blood and into the tubular fluid (filtrate) in the nephrons
92
Function of kidneys in urinary system
to store urine produced by the kidneys until it's time to be expelled from the body
93
Function of ureters in urinary system
to store urine produced by the kidneys until it's time to be expelled from the body
94
Function of urinary bladder in urinary system
to store urine produced by the kidneys until it's time to be expelled from the body
95
Function of urethra in urinary system
transport urine from the bladder to outside the body during urination
96
How do the circulatory and respiratory system interact?
to ensure the body gets the oxygen it needs and removes carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration. The respiratory system brings oxygen into the body, while the circulatory system transports it to all the cells and organs.
97
How do the digestive and circulatory system interact?
work together to ensure the body receives and distributes nutrients. The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream and carried by the circulatory system to cells throughout the body
98
How do the nervous and muscular system interact?
The nervous and muscular systems work together to enable movement and coordinated body functions. The nervous system sends signals, mainly through neurons, to tell muscles when and how to contract, initiating movement. These signals are transmitted through the spinal cord and peripheral nerves, ultimately reaching the muscle fibers.
99
How do the excretory and circulatory system interact?
The circulatory system transports blood, which then flows through the kidneys in the excretory system
100
Role of the kidney and its contribution to homeostasis?
-filtering blood, regulating fluids and electrolytes, and producing hormones
-regulating fluid balance, maintaining electrolyte balance, and excreting waste products
