Dog piroplasmosis (Babesia, Hepatozoon). Flashcards
(17 cards)
babesia species of dogs
Babesia canis (large) - Dermacentor reticulatus
Babesia canis rossi - Haemaphysalis leachi
Babesia canis vogeli - Rhipicephalus sanguineus
Babesia gibsoni (small) - Rhipicephalus spp.
FH & vector of babesia species in dogs
Tick
- Large: Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Dermacentor reticulatus, Ixodes ricinus
- Small: Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Haemophysalis longicornis
IH of babesia species of dogs
canines
location of babesia species in dogs
Intraerythrocytic
pathogenesis of babesia species in dogs
Transmission of parasites takes 2-3 days of attachment of tick. Obligate intracellular parasite. Intravascular haemolysis.
Sporozoites invade RBCs and cause intravascular and extravascular hemolysis –> anaemia, hemoglobinemia & hemoglobinuria, jaundice and splenomegaly (increased RBC clearance).
The destruction of red blood cells triggers a massive immune response. Cytokine release leads to fever, vascular leakage, hypotension and multiple organ dysfunction.
It can lead to acute renal failure, hepatic dysfunction, disseminated intravascular coagulation and cerebral babesiosis.
CS of babesia species in dogs
- Acute: pyrexia, weakness, depression, splenomegaly
- Chronic: irregular temperature, loss of condition
Morphology of babesia species in dogs
B. canis: usually paired pyriform organisms in canine red blood cells
B. gibsoni: single ring-form organisms in canine red blood cells
Tx of babesia species in dogs
- Imidocarb dipropionate - B. canis, B. vogeli
- Diaminazine
- Trypan-blue
- Atovaquone + Azithromycin - B. gibsoni
- Supportive: iv, blood transfusion, NSAIDs, oxygen therapy, antiemetics, vit B, ironpreparations
- Glucocorticoids for DIC in case of severe disease
control of babesia species in dogs
- Antiparasitic collars: flumethrin, imidacloprid, deltamethrin, propoxur
- Tablets: bravecto (fluralaner), nexgard (afoxolaner), simparica (sarolaner), credelio (lotilaner)
- Spot-on: frontline (fipronil), advantix (imidacloprid + permethrin), revolution (selamectin)
- Sprays with permethrin
- Shampoo, powders, drops…
- Pyrethrins, pyrethroids
Life cycle of babesiosis in dogs
Transstadial transmission
Larvae -> nymph -> female
Transovarial transmission
Diagnosis of dog babesiosis
- Examination of stained blood fils
- Serology - IFAT, ELISA
Hepatozoon species
Hepatozoon canis
Hepatozoon americanum
transmission and vector of Hepatozoon
- Ingestion of tick
- Rhipicephalus sanguineus (old world)
- Amlyoma maculatum (new world)
Life cycle of Hepatozoon
1) Tick ingest dog blood infected with Hepatozoon
2) Gametogenesis and fertilization in tick
3) Mature oocyst is formed
4) Dog ingest tick
5) Sporozoites are released in the dogs gastrointestinal tract
6) Macromeronts are formed in hemolymphatic organs (bone marrow, spleen, lymph noded)
7) Merozoites form meronts or macromeronts
8) Macromeront burst, sporozoites released and form new micromeronts –> macromeronts
9) Elongated micromerozoites form within ‘‘wheel spoke’’ meronts –> burst, micromerozoites released
10) If pregnant, INTRAUTERINE transmission to puppies
11) Micromerozoites invade neutrophils
12) Ingested by tick taking a blood meal
CS of Hepatozoon
Fever, lymphadenopathy, ocular and nasal discharge, anorexia, cachexia, anaemia, leukocytosis, paraparesis, depression, muscular hyperesthesia, reluctance to move.
Severe cachexia, vasculitis and renal failure.
DX of Hepatozoon
Muscle biopsy - cysts with macromeronts and micromeronts
Blood smear - micromerozoites in neutrophils
TX of Hepatozoon
- Dimazene aceturate
- Imidocarb diproprionate
- Tetracycline, 14 days, or Doxycycline
- Toltrazuril for 5 days
