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some from protozoa > Giardia duodenalis & Spironucleus meleagridis > Flashcards

Giardia duodenalis & Spironucleus meleagridis Flashcards

(24 cards)

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1
Q

Giardia and spironucleus geography

A

worldwide

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2
Q

Giardia species

A

G. duodenalis
G. muris - rodent, bird, reptile
G. agilis - amphibians, bird, reptile

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3
Q

final host of giardia duodenalis

A

mammals, birds, reptiles

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4
Q

Location of giardia duodenalis

A
  • small intestine - duodenum, jejunum
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5
Q

Morphology of Giardia duodenalis

A

Trophozoite:

  • Pear-shaped, adhesion disc in anterior part
  • Double organs
  • 2 nuclei, 4 pairs of flagella
  • Mitosomes & hydrogenosomes
  • In duodenum, jejunum

Cyst:

  • Oval, consist of 2 trophozoites with 4 nuclei
  • Protect the trophozoites
  • Infective stage - in feces
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6
Q

Reproduction of Giardia duodenalis

A

binary fission

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7
Q

Transmission of Giardia duodenalis

A
  • Mainly waterborne, but food / grass aswell
  • Fecal-oral transfer
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8
Q

Pathogenesis of Giardia duodenalis

A

Epithelial damage - villous atrophy, crypt cell hypertrophy

  • Attach to epithelial cells in duodenum & jejunum using ventral adhesive disc; Disrupt normal epithelial function

Malabsorption - not able to absorb essential fat

  • Due to villus atrophy and enzyme dysruption.
  • Leads to steatorrhea, carbohydrate malabsorption, weight loss, nutrient deficiency, failure to thrive.

Enzyme deficiencies - lactase

  • Damage to brush border microvilli decrease levels of disaccharidases (esp lactase) causing secondary lactose intoleranse, and other enzyme impairments.

Possible mechanisms:

  • Immune & inflammatory response - increased intraepithelial lymphocytes, mast cell activation and cytokine release.
  • Enterocyte apoptosis & cell turnover –> mucosal damage and impaired barrier integrity
  • Secretory diarrhoea - may induce chloride secretion and intestinal motility changes contributing to diarrhoea.

called beaver fever - hikers drink water inhabited by beavers

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9
Q

Life cycle of Giardia duodenalis

A

Direct:

1) Oral uptake of cysts after faecal contamination of food or water
2) Trophozoites excyst from the cyst in small intestine and may divide by binary fission
3) Trophozoites are attached to the surface of the intestinal wall
4) Free trophozoites encyst in the intestine and passed in the feces as cysts

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10
Q

Clinical signs of Giardia duodenalis

A
  • Serous diarrhoea with a lot of fat
  • Abdominal distension, nausea, weight loss and vomitting.
  • Catarrhal gastroenteritis in young especially, short villi.
  • Acute infection has 5-6 days incubation, last 1-3 weeks.
  • Chronic is recurrent and leads to malabsorption
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11
Q

Diagnosis of Giardia duodenalis

A
  • Fecal flotation (faust)
  • PCR
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12
Q

Treatment of Giardia duodenalis

A
  • Fenbendazole
  • Febantel
  • Metronidazole

Repeat for at least 3 days

Examination of feces of individuals post-treated

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13
Q

Control of Giardia duodenalis

A
  • Zoo hygienic measures
  • Do not let dog drink muddy water
  • Protein supresses giardia - support immune system
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14
Q

Spironucleus spp:

A
  • S. meleagridis
  • S. columbae - pigeons
  • S. muris - mice, rats, voles, hornets
  • S. salmonis, S. torosa - fish
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15
Q

Final host of spironucelus meleagridis

A

Turkeys, pheasants, quails, some fish

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16
Q

Morphology of spironucleus meleagridis

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Trophozoites binucleate
  • 8 pairs of flagella
  • Absent ventral adhesive disc is absent.

1 week incubation.

17
Q

Reproduction of spironucleus meleagridis

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Longitudinal division - binary fission
  • In intestine
18
Q

Life cycle of spironucleus meleagridis

Study These Flashcards
A

1) Oral uptake of cysts after faecal contamination of food or water
2) Trophozoites excyst from the cyst in small intestine and may divide by binary fission
3) Trophozoites are attached to the surface of the intestinal wall
4) Free trophozoites encyst in the intestine and passed in the feces as cysts

19
Q

Pathogenesis of spironucleus meleagridis

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Affects young birds; adults are asymptomatic
  • duodenitis, enteritis - catarrhal inflammation of SI with a lot of fluid.
20
Q

Clinical signs of spironucleus meleagridis

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Diarrhoea, enteritis, weight loss, death
  • Outgoing feathers, dehydration
21
Q

Diagnosis of spironucleus meleagridis

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Giemza staining: find trophozoites & cysts in intestinal content.
  • Necropsy: catarrhal inflammation of SI with a lot of fluid.
22
Q

Treatment of spironucleus meleagridis

23
Q

Control of spironucleus meleagridis

Study These Flashcards
A

hygiene, nutrition, separate breeding of young birds

24
Q

Location of Spironucleus meleagridis

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Lieberkühn crypts of SI
  • caecum

some from protozoa (21 decks)

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