Plasmodiidosis of humans and animals

Question 1

Plasmodium species of mammals:

Answer 1

• P. vivax (80%)
• P. ovale
• P. malariae
• P. falciparum - most pathogenic (15%)!
• P. knowlesi, P. reicehnowi, P. schwetzi. P. rodhaini, P. cynomogli, P. basilianum

Question 2

Plasmodium geography

Answer 2

tropics

Question 3

final host and vector of plasmodium of mammals

Answer 3

Anopheles - mosquito

Question 4

IH of plasmodium of mammals

Answer 4

Humans, reptiles, birds, rodents, monkeys

Question 5

location of plasmodium of mammals

Answer 5

Blood and mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)

Question 6

transmission of plasmodium of mammals

Answer 6

Biting insects by vector

Question 7

life cycle of plasmodium of mammals

Answer 7

In IH:
1) Exo-erythrocytic stage: Mosquito injects sporozoites into the blood, which are engulfed by macrophages, or they enter the liver cells where they multiply to meronts/schizonts (schizogony/merogony). Schizonts/meronts ruptures, the merozoites are released, invade red blood cells in liver.
2) Erythrocytic stage: inside the red blood cells, merozoites form ‘‘ring-formed’’ trophozoites. Trophozoites divides and produces schizont/meront –> merozoites released into blood stream –> MALARIAL PARYXYSM. The merozoites invades other red blood cells and repeats schizogony, but can also develop into gametocytes.

In FH:
3) Gametocytes are ingested by the mosquito during blood meal. Micro + macrogametes fuse to become a motile zygote (gametogony). This develops into ookinete and into oocyst by Sporogony. Oocyst ruptures and releases sporozoites. They move to the proboscis of the mosquito.

Question 8

pathogenesis of plasmodium of mammals

Answer 8

Thrombotycopenia, jaundice, anaemia, hepatosplenomegaly, renal problems

Question 9

clinical signs of plasmodium of mammals

Answer 9

• Early: headache, malaise, fatigue, nausea, muscular pains, slight diarrhoea, slight fever (not intermittent)

Signs: anaemia, thrombocytopenia, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, respiratory distress, renal dysfunction, hypoglycemia, mental status changes, splenomegaly
* Malarial paroxysism - febrile attacks (cold-hot sweating) alternating with symptom-free period

Question 10

diagnosis of plasmodium of mammals

Answer 10

Blood smear, PCR, ELISA, IFAT

Question 11

treatment of plasmodium of mammals

Answer 11

Mefloquinone
Doxycycline
Malarone
Chloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine