Domain I: Principles of Dietetics: Components of the Educational Plan Flashcards
(200 cards)
1
Q
To choose a setting and clientele for an educational plan, one must use multicultural _____
A
Awareness
2
Q
Multicultural awareness requires one to evaluate their own ____ and ____ and become comfortable with differences
A
Beliefs and attitudes
3
Q
Ineffective ____ can result in incorrect diagnoses and noncompliance with treatment
A
Communication
4
Q
We should assume ____ until similarities are proven
A
Differences
5
Q
Emphasize ____ rather than interpretation or evaluation; focus on getting a complete description of what is wanted rather than making judgments on how something was said and avoid stereotyping
A
Description
6
Q
How do cultural communication styles differ?
A
-Rate, pitch, and volume of the voice
-Eye contact: direct gaze or avert the eyes as a sign of respect
-Expression restrained, emotional, or focused
-Speech: slow and soft, loud, fast
-Greetings: handshake firm, mild
7
Q
Gestures, facial expressions, and postures are often a cause of _____; good posture is generally a sign of respect
A
Misinterpretation/confusion
8
Q
____ relationships vary among cultures and individuals (how close you stand or sit to someone else)
A
Spatial
9
Q
The ____ zone of spatial relationship is usually less than 18 inches and is used for very close friends or business handshakes
A
Intimate
10
Q
The ____ zone of spatial relationship is between 18 inches and 4 feet and is used when giving instructions or working closely
A
Personal
11
Q
The ____ zone of spatial relationship is 4 feet to 12 feet and is used in most business interactions
A
Social
12
Q
The _____ zone of spatial relationship is over 12 feet and is used for very informal interactions
A
Public
13
Q
When working with clients who speak limited English, use ____ terms and avoid slang, acronyms, and shorthand; use short, simple sentences and always speak directly to the client
A
Simple
14
Q
_____ explains the art and science of teaching children where teachers are the authority figures
A
Pedagogy
15
Q
_____ explains how adults are mutual partners in learning
A
Andragogy
16
Q
Andragogy explains that adults are…
A
-More problem-centered than subject-centered
-Motivated by internal things rather than external things
-Self-directed learners
17
Q
Middle and upper income adults are more ____-oriented and consider activities they can’t relate to as a waste of time
A
Goal
18
Q
Lower-income adults have interests focused on costs and traditional food habits; they tend to be oriented towards the ____ and towards solving current problems
A
Present
19
Q
Those who are very poor are ___-term planners
A
Short
20
Q
Adolescents relate to their interests; it is important to consider the influence of ____ ____ and attitudes toward authority
A
Peer pressure
21
Q
Elderly people have a ____ attention span and require audience participation to maintain interest; they may prefer shorter sessions and written material
A
Short
22
Q
Develop goals and objectives based on an assessment of client ____
A
Knowledge
23
Q
Educational goals must be set in accordance with the process of ____
A
Learning
24
Q
Goals must be based on previous learning and the characteristics of the ____ being instructed
A
Group
25
Objectives in patient-centered counseling include...
-Increase awareness of diet-related risks
-Provide nutrition knowledge
-Enhance skills to promote long-term changes in intake
-Increase confidence for making dietary changes
26
Objectives should include what components?
-What it is (action)
-Who it is (target)
-When or time frame
-Measure of outcome
27
The measure of outcome should be _____ (acronym)
SMART (specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, time-bound)
28
_____ is a fit between the program and the expected outcomes based on the objectives
Consonance
29
The _____ of the education can be made up of community resources, learning activities/methodology, references, handouts, instructional materials
Content
30
Steps of creating the content for an education session:
-Evaluate the information available and match it objectives
-Organize into a logical sequence
-Develop lesson plan
-Evaluate what you have developed
31
A lesson plan is a written summary of information about a unit of instruction and describes all aspects including plans for _____, as well as objectives, content, sequence, activities, and time available
Reassessment
32
Instructional media selected depends on the ____ goals, the size and learning style of the audience, the physical facility, the equiptment, and time allotted
Teaching
33
_____ and programmed instructional materials can substitute for instructors in certain aspects of the learning process
Computers
34
Computers can be used to learn purely _____ material, which leaves the instructor with more time to develop affective and psychomotor learning
Cognitive
35
_____ strategies should reflect the objectives of the educational program
Evaluation
36
____ ____ compares outcomes of students with the norm of a group
Norm referencing
37
____ ____ measures the performance of students against a standard or defined objective
Criterion referencing
38
____ is closely linked to planning; must account for all expenses
Budgeting
39
Budgeting should consider the...
-Funding
-Expenditures to date
-Current estimated costs to complete the budget
-Anticipated profit or loss
40
Periodic budget reviews help control _____ and help adhere to the planning schedule
Resources
41
Program ____ informs and educates consumers about the existance of a product or service
Promotion
42
Tools for program promotion:
-Advertising
-Sales promotion
-Personal promotion
-Public relations
43
Advertising can be in the form of purchased or electronic media; ____ message to carefully defined audience
Targeted
44
Sales promotion includes ___-___ incentives to encourage purchases (coupons)
Short-term
45
Personal promotion includes formal/informal ____, health fairs, cooking demos, media interviews (direct contact, provides positive feedback)
Presentations
46
Public relations includes organized effort to promote a ____ image through news coverage or goodwill
Favorable
47
What are the three domains of learning?
-Cognitive
-Affective
-Psychomotor
48
The _____ domain of learning is the acquisition of knowledge or subject matter (factual information)
Cognitive
49
The _____ domain of learning is the acquisition of attitudes and values, growth in feelings or emotions
Affective
50
The _____ domain of learning is the acquisition of muscular skills (exercises, food preparation)
Psychomotor
51
____ ____ explains how objectives at a lower level must be mastered before more complex learning can take place
Blooms Taxonomy
52
How to teach depends on the ____ and ____ of the learner
Needs and readiness
53
_____ level of the learner affects the attention span
Motivation
54
The ____ level of the learner is not always related to the amount of formal education
Education
55
For ____ learners, like young children and some adults who lack nutrition training, you need to do a thorough introduction and background
Inexperienced
56
For _____ experienced learners, like teachers health educators, and patients already instructed, emphasize review of material, reorganize it for better use, and move on to more complicated topics
Moderately
57
For ____ experienced learners, limit audience participation at first, establish yourself as the expert, cite credentials, and use a lecture formal with audiovisuals
Very
58
____ strategy techniques are based on a cause-and-effect explanation of behavior
Change
59
The ABC framework of change states that therapy can focus on the cues, or ____, the ____, or the ____ of the behavior (ABC)
Antecedents, behavior, consequence
60
An antecedent is an event or environment that ____ a specific behavior or response
Triggers
61
What are three behavior modification methods?
-Positive reinforcement
-Avoidance learning
-Extinction
62
Positive reinforcement encourages ____ of a given behavior; should be specific and immediate (can get meaningful attention from superiors)
Repetition
63
Avoidance learning explains how people learn to escape from unpleasant _____ (people try to avoid future criticism by improving future performance)
Consequences
64
Extinction works to ____ undesired behavior; no reinforcement for undesired behavior (ignore) which leads to the behavior eventually disappearing
Reduce
65
The _____ ____ ___ ____ model states that behavior involves a series of stages
Transtheoretical stages of change
66
You must determine the stage that someone is in to assess ____ to change
Readiness
67
What are the five stages of change?
-Pre-contemplation
-Contemplation
-Preparation
-Action
-Maintenance
68
The pre-contemplation stage of change is when someone is ____ or _____ in making a change
Unaware, uninterested
69
Someone is in the contemplation stage of change if they are thinking about making a change in the near ____ ("I know what to do, BUT...")
Future
70
Someone is in the preparation stage of change if they decide to make the change and ____ the change
Plans
71
Someone is in the action stage of change if they ____ to make the change
Try
72
Someone is in the maintenance phase if they maintain the change for ___ months or longer
6
73
The ____ ____ model was developed to explain why people, especially those at high risk, fail to participate in programs designed to detect or prevent disease
Health Belief
74
The Health Belief model explains how a person must perceive the ____ and the susceptibility to the threat for the threat to be a behavior-motivating factor
Severity
75
The Health Belief model states that people will engage in healthy behaviors if they value the _____
Outcome
76
What are the five components of the Health Belief model?
-Perceived susceptibility
-Perceived impact
-Perceived advantage of change
-Appraisal of barriers
-Self efficacy
77
_____ of innovation is how an innovation, an idea, or a behavior spreads
Diffusion
78
_____ are people who adopt an idea readily, usually without input from others
Innovators
79
____ ____ are opinion leaders in a community and are usually well-respected
Early adopters
80
The ____ ____ is a group of people who are typically cautious of adopting a new idea
Early majority
81
The ____ _____ is a group of people who are skeptical and only adopt an idea through peer pressure
Late majority
82
_____ are the last to adopt a new idea
Laggards
83
What are the four components of diffusion of innovation:
-Knowledge
-Persuasion
-Decision
-Confirmation
84
_____ eases the transition to new behaviors; the key is success and support
Motivation
85
When implementing a new idea, emphasize human factors like feelings, anxieties, and concerns and involve the learner in an ____ way to permit greatest retention
Active
86
It is also important to establish _____ which allows the client to express fears and concerns about impending changes
Rapport
87
Four steps for instruction:
-Prepare
-Present
-Try
-Follow-up
88
When teaching, discuss problems _____ rather than evaluatively; don't be judgmental, which puts clients on the defensive
Descriptively
89
Offer alternatives _____, rather than dogmatically (commanding); offer options to keep the door open for client to add information which is less threatening
Provisionally
90
Teaching should be ____-oriented rather than manipulative; be straight forward and authentic
Problem
91
A teacher should be ____ rather than neutral which allows you to respond without giving advice and allows for their need to talk and express feelings and concerns
Empathetic
92
A message should be clear, complete, concise, concrete, and ____
Correct
93
A teacher must also have ____ responses such as clarification (pose a question after an ambiguous client message), or active and reflective listening
Listening
94
Active and reflective listening, such as ____ or ___ ____ focus on the thoughts and feelings of others rather than on their own personal reaction and allow a teacher to absorb what is being said what respond to concerns
Paraphrase, repeat back
95
A ____ statement acknowledges that there was a reason for a behavior, indicating that the response from the client was appropriate (ex: "You have a right to feel upset, anyone would")
Legitimation
96
____ is information a client gives back to you as you are discussing and questioning; it lets you know what they know and what they understand about what you are saying
Feedback
97
A positive _____ environment should be open, encourage questions, be informal and supportive
Psychological
98
A positive _____ environment should be a comfortable temperature, good lighting, comfortable chairs, good eye contact, and be free from outside noise
Physical
99
The method of instruction is based on the ____ of the group, as well as educational and motivational aspects of the group's members
Size
100
The _____ method of teaching helps master higher-level cognitive objectives
Discussion
101
In a small group discussion (3-5 people), there is some ____ plus some _____; it is beneficial in clinical settings (teacher remains in control and people learn from each other)
Lecture, interaction
102
In a large group discussion, there is just ____, or a one-way flow of information; this allows for the presentation of a large amount of material in a short period of time
Lecture
103
Group ____ is a skill to develop as a group leader
Dynamics
104
What are some skills for leading a group?
-Relieve any social concerns of the group
-Tolerate silence
-Guide and encourage interactions without becoming the focus
-Know how to when to resume control
-Reinforce multi-sided conversations
-Halt side conversations
-Help group stay on topic without showing preferences
-Negotiate (plan strategy in advance, don't start with hard issues)
105
_____ explains how the groups product or decision is superior to what the most resourceful individual within a group would have produced working alone
Synergy
106
____ requires strong listening and verbal communication skills
Interviewing
107
The first step in interviewing is _____, where you would collect background information like age, weight, height, and diet history
Preparation
108
During the preparation stage of interviewing, you should also establish ____ for collecting information during the interview and clearly define the purpose and goals
Objectives
109
The first thing you should do during an interview is to establish ____ with the client
Rapport
110
When collecting data, begin with ___-___, non-judgmental questions
Open-ended
111
Open-ended questions are ____ and give freedom in responding; they also give the interviewer a chance to listen and observe (this takes more time but is less threatening)
Broad
112
A ___-___ question is more restrictive, limits answers, gives you more control, and takes less time
Close-ended
113
A ____ question introduces new topics, while a ____ question is a follow-up to obtain more information
Primary; secondary
114
____ questions are preferred, as they do not reveal any bias, where a leading question does reveal bia
Neutral
115
It is not beneficial to begin a question with the word "____" because the client may feel threatened and unwilling to reveal the answer
Why
116
The closing of an interaction should include a ____ for the client to check accuracy and telling the client what will be done with the information and when they will be contacted again
Summary
117
Non-verbal communication involves...
-Kinesics (physical communication)
-Paralinguistics (how the message is delivered)
-Proxemics (personal space)
118
Examples of kinesics (physical communication):
-Direct eye contact (attentiveness)
-Lowering eyes, looking away (preoccupation)
-Arms folded across chest (dislike, avoidance)
-Clenched fists (anxiety, anger)
-Crossing and uncrossing legs (anxiety)
119
Examples of paralinguistics:
-Hesitations, stuttering (sensitivity, anxiety)
-Whispering (difficulty in disclosing)
120
Examples of proxemics:
-Moves away (discomfort)
-Moves closer (seeking more interaction)
-Sits behind or next to an object (seeks protection)
121
What are some strategies when delivering culturally diverse nutrition counseling?
-Listen first to assess prior knowledge
-Reinforce correct knowledge, clarify misinformation
-Use simple language and visual media
-Talk in slow, clear words and repeat as needed
-Encourage questions and strive for interaction
-Use teach-back
122
A ____ response to a client is when a counselor makes judgment about a person's feelings, or implies how they should feed; leads to offering advice instead of problem-solving and is rarely helpful (Ex: "If you eat too much ice cream, I suggest you stop buying ice cream")
Evaluative
123
A _____ response to a client involves uncontrolled anger or frustration; it may antagonize or humiliate the client (Ex: "Maybe you are not losing weight because you are not trying hard enough")
Hostile
124
A _____ response to a client may make it hard to solve the client's problem or discuss it further; it suggests that the problem doesn't exist and prevents the client from working through their feelings; little attempt is made at understanding the client's needs (Ex: "Don't worry about making changes, it just takes time")
Reassuring
125
A _____ response is an attempt to clarify or gain more information as they recall details, which may encourage conversation (Ex: "Can you tell me more about that?")
Probing
126
An _____ response is one of the best ways to respond; try to recreate the person's message in your own frame of reference which may lead to more client cooperation and helps the client feel accepted and safe in expressing their feelings (Ex: "You seem to be saying that you are feeling..."
Understanding
127
___ ____ therapy focuses on identifying behaviors and thoughts that have a negative impact on desired behaviors and goals and applying strategies to change those thoughts
Cognitive Behavioral
128
_____ are thoughts or perceptions at a particular moment in time that can influence our behaviors and feelings; a cognitive change may affect a desired behavior change
Cognitions
129
Negative self-talk or ____ talk can inhibit behavioral change (Ex: "I have no willpower")
Sustain
130
Client ____ talk is when clients verbalize their reasons that favor the targeted behavior change (Ex: "I want to lose weight to feel better")
Change
131
Cognitive behavioral therapy is based on the assumption that behavior is ___ and can be ____ as the client learns new and adaptive responses
Learned and unlearned
132
The aim of CBT is to introduce changes in the cognitive or thought process that help to _____ a behavior that needs to be changed
Maintain
133
____ ____ helps clients recognize and begin to resolve their concerns and problems with a main goal of increasing motivation so clients are able to express the rationale for the changes that need to be made (assumes that people make changes only when they are ready to change)
Motivational interviewing
134
Motivational interviewing is a client-centered method for enhancing ____ motivation
Intrinsic
135
Motivational interviewing ____ rather than directs and does not give advice to the client
Guides
136
What are some important parts of the motivational interviewing technique?
-Express empathy (suggests acceptance), evoke feelings
-Develop discrepancy between where they are and where they want to be
-Avoid arguments and confrontation
-Roll with resistance (acknowledge reluctance to change and ambivalence; offer new info or alternatives to consider)
-Support self-efficacy (reinforce hope and optimism)
-Leave decisions up to the client (support autonomy)
137
____ communication is more formal and authoritative (email, text, handouts)
Written
138
Written information is interpreted more ____ and is used when record is required
Accurately
139
Keep reading level of written material around an ____ grade level for the general public and around a ____ grade level for those with lower literacy
8th, 6th
140
Use the ____ test to determine readability, which gives a grade level of written text by determining the average number of polysyllabic words
SMOG
141
_____ information is more personal and encourages two-way communication
Verbal
142
The most critical barrier to verbal communication is poor ____ skills
Listening
143
_____ activities such as radio and TV extend the reach to audiences that are maybe out of reach due to financial situations
Media
144
We should evaluate each step in the educational process, which include...
-Assessment
-Planning
-Implementation
-Evaluation
145
A _____ evaluation is made early or during the course of education; it can change direction
Formative
146
A formative evaluation helps pinpoint parts that were or were not ____
Mastered
147
Formative evaluations allow for ____ of plans and methods to improve the process
Revision
148
A formative evaluation answers what question?
How should we do it?
149
A client must be involved in the formative evaluation process, for example in a focus group, pilot test, or ___-test
Pre
150
Frequent feedback of results of a formative evaluation guides the rest of the ____ process
Educational
151
The data collected from a formative evaluation is often _____ data collected from observation or interviews
Qualitative
152
A _____ evaluation is designed at the planning stage, but conducted at the end
Summative
153
A summative evaluation is considered _____; purpose may be for grading or evaluation of progress
Final
154
A summative evaluation answers what questions?
-Did we achieve what we planned?
-What was the impact and outcome?
155
An example of a summative evaluation is a ___-test where the client performs a task using new information
Post
156
The purpose of a summative evaluation is to improve the program's delivery and _____
Effectiveness
157
Summative evaluations use _____ approaches to appraise results, outcomes, or quality
Quantitative
158
Evaluation strategies are developed once ____ are established
Objectives
159
What are two examples of formal evaluation methods?
-Objective test (mult. choice)
-Performance test (client asked to perform tasks based on learning objectives)
160
Objective tests are not well suited for ____ or ____ settings
Clinic; community
161
An example of an ____ evaluation strategy would be unstructured observation of food selection and behaviors
Informal
162
What questions can be asked to evaluate the effectiveness of educational plans?
-Did it alter patient knowledge, behavior, or attitude?
-Was it timely, appropriate, and accurate?
-Was it within budget?
-Did it meet specific targeted needs?
163
_____ of employee education and training is essential for safety issues and the correct use of all equipment
Documentation
164
To document training, use orientation ____ and note the date and content of the training
Checklist
165
The ___ ___ requires documentation of nutrition services to evaluate the medical nutrition therapy and for any legal issues that may arise
Joint Commission
166
All medical and financial information from a client is ____
Confidential
167
Nutritional ____ is the intersection between nutrition, information, and technology; includes the use of technology in spreading information
Informatics
168
_____ drives change in the practice of nutrition
Technology
169
____ ____ ____ allow providers to enter, store, retrieve, and manage information related to healthcare
Electronic medical records
170
With a _____ health record, the consumers maintain health information
Personal
171
_____ maintains the privacy of protected health information
HIPAA
172
HIPAA requires that patients must be notified if their medical information is to be ____ outside of the care process or if protected information (address, email, income) is to be shared
Shared
173
_____ services include the use of electronic information and technologies to support long-distance clinical health care, patient and professional education, public health administration, or remote patient face-to-face services, via live video conferencing, as well as store and forward telecommunication services, which can then be retrieved by another site for clinical evaluation
Telehealth
174
_____ for telehealth services varies among payers; each payer determines the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes they will recognize
Reimbursement
175
____ ____ uses behavior change models and motivational interviewing, often in the form of telehealth services
Health Coaching
176
With ____, the RD uses electronic information and technologies to implement the nutrition care process with clients at a remote location within provisions of their state license as applicable
Telenutrition
177
Medicare Part ____ allows some services provided by RDNs to be offered via telehealth including MNT and diabetes self-management training
B
178
The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics ____ ____ _____ tracks nutrition care outcomes and advances evidence-based nutrition practice research
Health Informatics Infrastructure
179
The ____ ____ ____ aggregates anonymous data available for outcome research
Dietetics Outcome Registry
180
_____ is the presentation of the amount of activity from things like Twitter, Facebook, science blogs, mainstream news, and other sources over time
Altmetrics
181
The ____ ____ _____ reports on data that helps manufacturers understand consumer preferences of specific brands; this enables retailers to stock the right item assortment for their local markets
National Consumer Panel
182
Public policy ____ and legislation is an interaction between the legislative, executive, and judiciary branches of the government
Advocacy
183
The ____ branch (congress, senators, and representatives) may introduce and enact a law and can override a veto by the executive branch
Legislative
184
The ____ branch (president) may veto legislation or sign it into law
Executive
185
The ____ branch may discard a law if it considers it in violation of a person's basic rights and freedoms
Judiciary
186
What are the stages of legislation being signed into law?
-Legislation enters as a bill or resolution
-The bill is sent to committees that schedule public hearings where testimony is taken from the bill's sponsors (RD can present views here or in earlier planning stages)
-The committee revises the bill during a markup sessions nd put into final form; if approved, it is sent to Rules Committee for debate
-It needs approval from both the House and the Senate and the President
-Differences between the two Houses are worked out in a Joint House-Senate Conference committee, ultimately passing a reconciliation bill
-Appropriations bill must be passed to provide funding
-Formulate regulations that interpret and operate the law
187
What are some examples of operating and enforcement agencies that may carry out a law related to nutrition?
-FTC
-FDA
-FCC
188
Roles of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC):
-Regulates content of food ads
-Enforces truth-in-labeling
-Challenges product claims when product crosses state lines
189
Role of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA):
Ensures the safety of some domestic and imported food products and food supplies
190
Role of the Federal Communications Commission:
Licenses radio and TV
191
The ____ ____ publishes information weekly on notices of public hearings, proposed and final rules, and agency decisions; they also list changes in USDA food programs
Federal Register
192
The ____ ____ has information from the floor; does not have a hearings, lists bills with sponsors and action, and is issued daily when Congress is in session
Congressional record
193
The ____ ____ has weekly updates and identifies bills with sponsors and committees
Congressional Index
194
____ is an aggressive form of action where someone pleads a cause of a group
Advocacy
195
Advocates must know the ____ and arguments for and against the issue and be realistic and willing to compromise
Facts
196
____ is activity aimed at influencing public officials and legislators
Lobbying
197
What are some examples of public policy advocacy and legislation that affect nutrition education programs?
-Child Nutrition Reauthorization (covers NSLP, SBC, CACFP, CFSP, SMP, WIC)
-The Farm Bill
-The Older Americans Act
198
The Child Nutrition Reauthorization Act covers...
-National School Lunch Program
-School Breakfast Program
-Child and Adult Care Food Program
-Summer Food Service Program
-Special Milk Program
-WIC
199
The Farm bill covers...
-National and international nutrition education
-Research
-Funding
200
The Older Americans Act funds nutrition programs in the ____
Community
