Domain I: Principles of Dietetics: Nutrition Science Flashcards by perjunke fibers

Carbohydrates provide ___ kcal/gram, protein provides ___ kcal/gram, and fat provides ____ kcal/gram

4, 4, 9

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The brain uses ____ exclusively as an energy source

Glucose

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During starvation, the brain uses ____ for energy

Ketones

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Glucose is stored as ____ in liver and muscles

Glycogen

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Fat from ____ tissue can be made into glucose

Adipose

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Glucose can also be made from ___ stores (cellular mass)

Protein

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_____ is the conversion of non-carbohydrate sources into glucose (from glycerol and amino acids)

Gluconeogenesis

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____ is the state of equilibrium of the internal environment of the body

Homeostasis

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____ are proteins and organic catalysts that control a reaction

Enzymes

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A ____ is an enzyme activator, some of them are vitamins

Coenzyme

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What are some examples of coenzymes?

-Pantothenic acid
-Thiamin (B1)
-Riboflavin (B2)
-Niacin (B3)

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A ____ is a substance upon which an enzyme works

Substrate

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A ____ assists enzymes; many are minerals

Cofactor

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____ are secretions from endocrine glands; they are chemical messengers that trigger enzymes

Hormones

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_____ is a thyroid hormone that regulates metabolism and rate of oxidation; it influences physical and mental growth

Thyroxine (T4)

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Thyroxine also stimulates liver ____ and ____ in order to raise blood glucose

Glycogenolysis; gluconeogensis

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_____ is the synthesis of a more complex substance

Anabolism

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____ is the breakdown of complex substances; uses and releases energy

Catabolism

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Catabolism creates a constant energy ____, which must be supplied by food

Deficit

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___ ____ ____ is the minimum amount of energy needed at rest in fasting (amount needed to carry out involuntary work of the body, activity of internal organs, and internal temperature)

Basal energy expenditure

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Basal energy expenditure is affect by extremes in environmental temperatures; a tropical clinical increases BEE by ___-___%

5-20

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Caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine stimulate metabolic rate by ___-___%

7-15

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Energy expended in ____ ____ is highly variable

Physical activity

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The energy burned from physical activity is also known as ____ ____

Activity thermogenesis

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The thermic effect of food accounts for ____% of total energy expenditure; energy needed to digest, absorb, and assimilate nutrients

The thermic effect of food is greater after consumption of ___ and ____

Carbohydrates and protein

____ ____ ____ is measured in the morning when reclining, awake, relaxed, at normal body temperature, at least 12 hours after the last meal, and several hours after strenuous activity

Basal metabolic rate

Basal metabolic rate measures ____ consumed and ___ ___ produced

Oxygen; carbon dioxide

Basal metabolic rate is affected primarily by...

-Sex -Age -Body composition, body surface area -Endocrine glands (thyroid)

Women have ___-___% lower basal metabolic rate than men

5-10

What age group has the highest basal metabolic rate?

0-2 years of age

Older adults have less activity, less lean body mass, and more body fat, which makes them have ____ basal metabolic rate

Lower

Basal metabolic rate is measured by ___ ____ ____

Protein-bound iodine

Protein-bound iodine measures the activity of the ____

Thyroid

What hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?

-Thyroxine (T4) -Triiodothyronine (T3)

When protein-bound iodine is elevated, basal metabolic rate is ____

Elevated

Protein-bound iodine measures ____ ____, and measures the level of thyroxine (T4) produced (not a nutritional assessment parameter)

Energy metabolism

Protein-bound iodine is higher during...

-Periods of rapid growth -Pregnancy -Lactation -Fever -Some diseases that increase cell activity (cancer, HTN) -Exercise

Fever can increase protein-bound iodine by ___% for each degree rise in temperature

Calculated basal metabolic rate is ____ ____ ____

Basal energy expenditure

Basal energy expenditure is calculated using...

-Age -Sex -Body surface area (height, weight)

____ ____ ____ is energy expenditure that is measured similar to basal metabolic rate after a short rest and controlled intake of caffeine and alcohol

Resting metabolic rate

Resting metabolic rate is more frequently measured than basal metabolic rate; estimates higher energy expenditure than basal metabolic rate by ____-____%

10-20

Of the predictive equations, the ____ ____ _____ equation predicts resting metabolic rate within 10% of indirect calorimetry; can use with normal-weight or obese individuals

Mifflin St. Jeor

When calculating resting metabolic rate with the Mifflin St. Jeor equation, use ____ bodyweight for underweight, overweight, and obese individuals

Actual

Following changes in _____ is the most practical way of measuring energy balance

Weight

____ ____ measures heat produced in a respiration chamber (limited usefulness)

Direct calorimetry

____ ____ measures oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide excreted using a portable machine (practical way of measuring which nutrients are being used for energy, and determining caloric needs)

Indirect calorimetry

Indirect calorimetry is especially useful in what two populations?

-Burn victims -Athletes

____ quotient is measured as the carbon dioxide expired divided by oxygen consumed

Respiratory

Respiratory quotient (RQ) is dependent on the ____ mixture being metabolized; carbohydrates alone have an RQ of 1, protein alone have an RQ of 0.82, fat alone have an RQ of 0.7, mixed intake has an RQ of 0.88

Fuel

Someone will have a lower respiratory quotient with higher ____ intake

Fat

Carbohydrates are composed of what 3 monosaccharides (simple sugars)?

-Glucose -Galactose -Fructose

Sucrose is a disaccharide made up of what two monosaccharides?

Glucose and fructose

Lactose is a disaccharide made up of what two monosaccharides?

Glucose and galactose

Maltose is a disaccharide made up of what two monosaccharides?

Glucose and glucose

Examples of polysaccharides:

-Starch -Cellulose -Pectin -Glycogen -Dextrin

Starch is made up of ____ chains and makes up 50% of carbohydrate intake

Glucose

Cellulose is resistant to ____ ____ and adds bulk within the GI system

Digestive enzymes

Pectin is a non-digestible component of fruits and has a _____ quality

Thickening

_____ is an animal starch made from glucose and it is stored in the muscle and liver

Glycogen

Dextrin is an intermediate product of ____ breakdown

Starch

_____ is an alcohol derived from glucose

Sorbitol

Sorbitol is absorbed more ____ than glucose by passive diffusion

Slowly

Sorbitol is converted to _____

Fructose

Excess sorbitol may cause _____

Diarrhea

Different carbohydrates in order of sweetness:

-Fructose -Invert sugar -Sucrose -Glucose -Sorbitol -Mannitol -Galactose -Maltose -Lactose

What elements make up carbohydrates?

-Hydrogen -Carbon -Oxygen

Sources of carbohydrates include...

-Flour -Cereals -Fruits -Vegetables -Dairy products

Functions of carbohydrates:

-Energy -Protein-sparing action (allows most of protein to be used for tissue synthesis) -Regulation of fat metabolism

A carbohydrate restriction leads to _____

Ketosis

What elements make up a protein molecule?

-Carbon -Hydrogen -Nitrogen (16%) -Sulfur (sometimes)

What two amino acids contain sulfur?

-Cysteine -Methionine (essential)

Amino acids that have an ____ group are bases, while amino acids that have ____ groups are acids

Amino; carboxyl

Essential amino acids:

-Threonine -Valine -Tryptophan -Isoleucine -Leucine -Lysine -Phenylalanine -Methionine -Histidine TV TILL PMH

What two amino acids are conditionally essential during catabolic stress?

-Arginine -Glutamine

_____ is a precursor to serotonin and niacin

Tryptophan

Phenylalanine converts to _____

Tyrosine

Methionine converts to _____

Cysteine

A ____ protein is one that has all essential amino acids in sufficient quantity and ratio to maintain body tissues and promote growth (HBV- high biological value)

Complete

For someone with a low-protein diet, they should be given mostly ___ biological value proteins

High

An ____ protein is one that is deficient in one or more essential amino acids

Incomplete

____ protein are amino acids

Simple

A ____ protein is one that is a simple protein plus a non-protein substance (lipoprotein)

Conjugated

_____ proteins are fragments from simple and conjugated proteins (peptide)

Derived

Sources of protein:

-Meat -Poultry -Fish -Eggs -Milk -Legumes

Functions of protein:

-Tissue synthesis -Maintains growth -Regulated body processes

Protein is an inefficient energy source, as _____ needs to be removed first

Nitrogen

____% of protein can be converted to glucose

A normal person requires ____ g/kg of body weight

0.8

Protein should make up ___-___% of total energy intake

10-15

Soybeans are low in what essential amino acid?

Methionine

____ protein is equivalent in protein quality to animal protein

Soy

Legumes are low in what three amino acids?

-Methionine -Cysteine -Tryptophan

Gelatin is low in what low 2 amino acids?-

-Methionine -Lysine

Gelatine contains none of what amino acid?

Tryptophan

Fat molecules are composed of what elements?

-Carbon -Hydrogen -Oxygen

Simple fats, or _____, are made up of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule (most food fat is a triglyceride)

Triglycerides

A ____ fat is a simple fat plus another component

Compound

An example of a compound fat is ____, which is found in cell membranes and allows control of what passes in and out of the cell

Phospholipid

Most phospholipids are lecithins, which contain _____, a lipotropic factor

Choline

Lecithins/choline helps prevent ____ accumulation in the liver

Fat

Lecithin/choline functions in the transport and utilization of fatty acids and cholesterol through the enzyme _____

LCAT (lecithin-cholesterol acetyltransferase)

A ____ fat is a fat substance made from a simple or compound fat by hydrolysis or enzymatic breakdown

Derived

Examples of derived fat:

-Fatty acid -Glycerol -Steroid

With ____ fatty acids, all available bonds of carbon chains are filled with hydrogen; they are solid and hard at room temperature

Saturated

____ fatty acids have one or more double bonds

Unsaturated

A fat with one double bond is a ____ fatty acid; a fat with two or more double bonds is a ____ fatty acid

Monounsaturated; polyunsaturated

The most polyunsaturated fat is ____ oil, while the most unsaturated fat is _____ oil

Safflower; canola

____ fats are most likely to experience rancidity

Polyunsaturated (safflower)

The absence of essential fatty acid(s) will create a specific ____ disease

Deficiency

Deficiency of linoleic acid (omega 6) causes...

-Eczema -Poor growth rates -Petechiae (red/purple skin spots)

If linoleic acid (omega 6) replaces cholesterol in the diet, LDL ____ and HDL ____

Decreases; Increases

If linoleic acid (omega 6) replaces saturated fat in the diet, total cholesterol _____ and HDL ____

Decreases; decreases

_____ oil is the best source of linoleic acid (omega 6)

Safflower

Alpha-linolenic acid (omega 3) is responsible for...

-Retinal function -Brain development

Deficiency of alpha-linoleic acid (omega 3) causes...

-Blurred vision -Neurological changes -Numbness

Alpha-linoleic acid (omega 3) comes mainly from...

-Fish oils -Walnuts -Flaxseeds -Canola

Fish oils contain ____ and ____

-EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) -DHA (docosahexaenoic acid)

Alpha-linolenic acid (omega 3) decreases hepatic production of ____ (inhibits VLDL synthesis)

Triglycerides

Alpha-linolenic acid (omega 3) has little effect on total ____level

Cholesterol

Fatty acids are straight hydrocarbon chains terminating a ____ group on one end and a ____ group at the other end

Carboxyl; methyl

Fatty acids are classified by the number of ____ in the chain, as well as the position of the first double bond, and the number of double bonds

Carbons

The location of the first double bond, counted from the methyl ends of the fatty acid, is designated by the ____ sign

Omega

Linoleic acid has ____ double bonds, while alpha-linolenic acid has ____

2; 3

_____ is a reduction process of adding hydrogen at the double bond to unsaturated fatty acids to increase saturation and stability

Hydrogenation

With ____ fatty acids, hydrogens are across from each other; they pack as tightly as saturated fatty acids

Trans

Trans fatty acid intake can influence membrane ____ and may be harmful to cell function

Fluidity

Trans fats are found in ____ fat (4-8%), as well as margarine, shortening, and frying fats as a product of partial hydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids

Milk

____ fatty acids have hydrogens on the same side as the double bond; occur in most natural fats and oils

Cis

Saturated fats, from most saturated to least:

-Coconut oil -Palm kernel -Cocoa butter -Butter -Palm oil -Canola

____-____ ____ are saturated fatty acids that have between 5 and 12 carbons

Medium-chain triglycerides

Where are medium-chain triglycerides found?

-Milk fat -Coconut oil -Palm kernel oil

Examples of monounsaturated fats, from most monounsaturated to least:

-Olive oil -Canola oil -Peanut oil -Sunflower oil -Coconut oil (MCT source)

Examples of polyunsaturated fats, from most polyunsaturated to least:

-Safflower oil -Corn oil -Soybean oil -Cottonseed oil -Palm kernel oil

Butter contains a combination of what three types of fat, in order from most to least?

-Saturated fatty acids -Monounsaturated fatty acids -Polyunsaturated fatty acids

Margarine contains a combination of what three types of fat, in order from most to least?

-Polyunsaturated fatty acids -Monounsaturated fatty acids -Saturated fatty acids

Most heart-healthy lipids have ____ grams of trans fat, no partially hydrogenated oils, and are liquid plant oils

Functions of lipids:

-Energy -Insulation and padding -Depressing gastric secretion, therefore delaying gastric emptying

Fat has less ____ and more ____ than carbohydrates, therefore provides more energy

Oxygen, carbon

Fat should make up no more than ____% of total energy intake

Alcohol is metabolized as fat and is ____ kcal/g (kcal from alcohol= (0.8)(proof)(ounces)

Alcohol requires no _____, and is readily absorbed by simple diffusion through the stomach or small intestine lining and transported unaltered into the bloodstream

Digestion

Alcohol ____ beta-oxidation of fatty acids

Decreases

Alcohol promotes ____ synthesis

Triglyceride

Alcohol is an established risk factor for ____ ___ ____ cancer, and may increase risk for breast cancer

Head and neck

_____ oils are found in salad dressings; they don't crystallize when cold and are clear, not cloudy

Winterized

What are three examples of winterized oils?

-Corn oil -Soy oil -Cottonseed oil "Christmas cold sweater"

Folate is a ____-soluble vitamin

Water

____ is a precursor to folate

PABA

Folate is ____-dependent

Zinc

Functions of folate:

-DNA synthesis -Forms red blood cells (with B12) in bone marrow -Prevents neural tube defects

Sources of folate:

-Fortified dry cereal -Liver -Kidney -Green leafy vegetables -Citrus fruits -Lentils -Beans

An adult needs ____ micrograms of folate, with needs increasing to ____ during pregnancy

400; 600

Deficiency of folate can cause...

-Megaloblastic, macrocytic anemia -Diarrhea -Fatigue -Irritability -Dyspnea

Vitamin B6 is also known as ____

Pyridoxine

_____ is a drug that acts as an antagonist to B6 (pyridoxine)-> must supplement with B6 to avoid deficiency

Isoniazid

B6 (pyridoxine) acts as a ____ in amino acid metabolism during deamination and transamination

Coenzyme

With increased ____ intake, there is increased levels of pyridoxine

Protein

Sources of B6 (pyridoxine):

-Meats -Wheat -Corn -Yeast -Pork -Liver -Ready-to-eat cereal

B6 (pyridoxine) needs for a female:

1.2-1.7 mg/day

B6 (pyridoxine) needs for a male:

1.3-1.5 mg/day

Deficiency of B6 (pyridoxine) causes...

-Seizures -Anemia -Dermatitis -Glossitis -Peripheral neuropathy

Vitamin B12 is also known as _____

Cyanocobalamin

B12 (cyanocobalamin) contains _____

Cobalt

B12 (cyanocobalamin) is bound by ____ ____ in gastric juice

Intrinsic factor

B12 (cyanocobalamin) is a coenzyme in _____ synthesis

Protein

B12 (cyanocobalamin) is involved in ____ ____ ____ formation

Red blood cell

B12 (cyanocobalamin) is found in...

-Liver -Meat -Milk -Kidney -Eggs -Fish -Cheese

If someone has ____ protein in their diet, it is unlikely that they would be deficient in B12 (cyanocobalamin)

Animal

Daily needs of B12 (cyanocobalamin) are ____ micrograms

2.4

Deficiency of B12 (cyanocobalamin) is most common in vegans and can lead to...

-Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia -Pernicious anemia (after gastrectomy of removal of the ileum, due to lack of intrinsic factor)

Vitamin B5 is also known as ____ ____

Pantothenic acid

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid) is a key precursor to ___ ___, which produces energy

Coenzyme A

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid) is also involved in the synthesis of ___ ___

Fatty acids

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid) is found in...

-Animal foods -Grains -Legumes

The adequate intake (AI) for Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid) is ____ mg

While it is rare to be deficient in Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid), a deficiency could cause ____ in feet

Paresthesia (tingling)

Vitamin C is also known as ____ ____

Ascorbic acid

Vitamin C is the most easily destroyed vitamin; can be destroyed by things like...

-Heat -Alkaline pH -Oxidation

Vitamin C has a structure very similar to ____

Glucose

Vitamin C requires an ____ pH level

Acidic

Vitamin C changes proline into hydroxyproline and then that into ____, which strengthens intercellular substances

Collagen

Vitamin C is vital for the process of ____ ____

Wound healing

Vitamin C aids in the absorption of ____

Iron

Vitamin C is found in...

-Citrus fruits -Potatoes -Papaya -Dark green vegetables -Yellow vegetables -Strawberries

Daily vitamin C needs are ___-___ mg

75-90

Deficiency of vitamin C can cause...

-Scurvy -Poor wound healing -Bleeding gums -Petechiae -Dull hair

Biotin is synthesized by intestinal ____

Bacteria

Biotin is inactivated by ____, which is the protein in raw egg whites

Avidin

Biotin is a coenzyme in ____ ____ synthesis

Fatty acid

Biotin converts pyruvate to _____ in gluconeogenesis

Oxaloacetate

Biotin is found in...

-Liver -Kidney -Egg yolk -Yeast

The adequate intake (AI) for biotin is _____ micrograms

Deficiency of biotin can cause...

-Muscle pain -Dermatitis -Glossitis

Myo-Inositol exists in plants as ____ ____

Phytic acid

Myo-Inositol is related to _____

Sugar

Myo-inositol contains _____, and it a vitamin-like factor

Phosphorus

Myo-Inositol blinds the membrane structure of ____, ___, and ____

Calcium, zinc, iron

Myo-Insitol is found in...

-Outer husks of cereal grains -Leafy green vegetables

____ is the most abundant mineral

Calcium

Calcium is regulated by ____ hormone

Parathyroid

What three things aid in the absorption of calcium?

-Vitamin D -Acid -Lactose

_____ lowers serum calcium by inhibiting the resorption of calcium from the kidney

Calcitonin

Role of calcium:

-Blood clotting -Cardiac function -Nerve transmission -Smooth muscle contractility

Sources of calcium:

-Dairy products -Leafy vegetables -Legumes

Adults need between ____-____ mg of calcium per day

1000-1200

_____ is a precursor to vitamin A

Carotene

Vitamin A is a ____, which means that it is a nutrient that is changed into a vitamin

Provitamin

Hypocalcium leads to ____

Tetany (involuntary muscle contractions)

Women need ____ micrograms of vitamin E (RE)

700

Vitamin A is ____ soluble

Fat

Vitamin A is stored in the _____

Liver

Deficiency in vitamin A leads to...

-Night blindness (nyctalopia; is reversible) -Xerophthalmia (corneal damage; not reversible) -Bitot's spots on conjunctiva -Dry, scaly skin (hyperkeratosis)

Vitamin A is important for ____ and ____

Skin and vision

Sources of vitamin A:

-Yellow and orange fruits -Dark green leafy vegetables -Cantaloupe -Fish -Liver -Carrots -Fortified skim milk -Apricots -Sweet potatoes

Men need ____ micrograms of vitamin A (RE)

900

Vitamin A is converted in intestinal ____ cells

Mucosal

Vitamin A becomes toxic at levels of ____ IU

10,000

Vitamin D is ____ soluble

Fat

____ is a precursor to vitamin D

Cholesterol

Vitamin D can be obtained from ____ ____

UV light

7 dehydrocholesterol->D3 cholecalciferol-> ____

D2 (Ergocalciferol)

Vitamin D is important for the metabolism of ____ and ____

Calcium and Phosphorus

Sources of vitamin D:

-Sunlight -Egg yolk -Fortified milk

The AI for vitamin D is between ___-___ micrograms/day for adults

5-15

Infants need ____ IU/day of vitamin D

400

Deficiency of vitamin D causes...

-Rickets (soft bones) -Osteomalacia

Vitamin E is fat-soluble and also known as _____

Tocopherol

The upper limit of vitamin E (tocopherol) is ____ mg

1000

Vitamin E is one of the least ____ vitamins

Toxic

Vitamin E (tocopherol) acts as an antioxidant and resists ____ of red blood cells

Hemolysis

Sources of vitamin E (tocopherol):

-Vegetable oils (cottonseed) -Whole grains -Green vegetables -Almonds

Adults need _____ mg of vitamin E (tocopherol)

Deficiency of vitamin E (tocopherol) results in ____ ____

Hemolytic anemia

Vitamin K is a ____ soluble vitamin

Fat

Vitamin K is synthesized by ____ in the lower intestinal tract

Bacteria

Vitamin K has no ____ symptoms

Toxicity

Vitamin K forms ____ in the liver, which aids in blood clotting

Prothrombin

Vitamin K is given pre-_____

Surgery

Vitamin K is also involved in _____ metabolism (promotes bone binding)

Calcium

Sources of vitamin K:

-Spinach -Kale -Broccoli -Green, leafy vegetables

Men need ____ micrograms of vitamin K per day

120

Women need ____ micrograms of vitamin K per day

Deficiency of vitamin K can lead to ____

Hemorrhage (blood is slow to clot)

Vitamin K is affected by...

-Mineral oil antibiotics -Anticoagulants/blood thinners (Ex: Warfarin)

Vitamin B1 is also known as _____

Thiamin

Vitamin B1 (thiamin) is lost as ____ or ____ increases

Temperature or pH

Vitamin B1 (thiamin) is heat stable in ____

Acid

Vitamin B1 (thiamin) is involved in the oxidation of _____

Carbohydrates

With high carbohydrate intake, there is a ____ need for more vitamin B1 (thiamin)

Increased

Vitamin B1 (thiamin) is important for the metabolism of _____

Pyruvate

Sources of vitamin B1 (thiamin):

-Grains -Wheat germ -Pork -Liver

Men require _____ mg of vitamin B1 (thiamin)

1.2

Women require _____ mg of vitamin B1 (thiamin)

1.1

Deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamin) can cause...

-Beriberi -Muscle weakness -Foot drop -Memory loss (Wernike-Korsikoff) -Tachycardia

What are two indicators of vitamin B1 (thiamin) deficiency?

-Low erythrocyte transketolase -High plasma pyruvate

Vitamin B2 is also known as _____

Riboflavin

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is lost in ___ ___

UV light

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) acts as a ____

Co-enzyme

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is required for energy release from _____

Protein

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is also involved in ___ ___ ___ production

Red blood cell

Sources of vitamin B2 (riboflavin):

-Liver -Kidney -Meat -Milk

Men need ____ mg/day of vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

1.3

Women need ____ mg/day of Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

1.1

Deficiency of vitamin B2 (riboflavin) can cause...

-Growth failure -Cheilosis (cracked lips) -Angular stomatitis (cracks in the corner of the mouth, sore throat) -Magenta tongue

Niacin is a precursor to _____

Tryptophan

Niacin is essential in all cells for ____ production and metabolism

Energy

Niacin is involved in the metabolism of...

-Carbohydrates -Protein -Fat

Sources of niacin include...

-Protein -Peanuts -Ready-to-eat cereals -Chicken -Rice -Yeast -Milk

Men require ____ niacin equivalents per day

Women require ____ niacin equivalents per day

Deficiency of niacin can result in...

-Pellagra (4 D's) -Beefy, bright, red tongue -Symmetrical, pigmented rash in sunlight

Niacin deficiency, or Pellagra, causes...

-Diarrhea -Dermatitis -Dementia -Death

Phosphorus is the second most ____ mineral; it is part of DNA, RNA, and ATP

Abundant

Phosphorus (phospholipids) are responsible for transporting ____ through the lymph and blood

Fat

Phosphorus also exists in ___ and ___

Bones and teeth

Phosphorus deficiency is rare because it exists in things like...

-Meat -Milk -Poultry -Eggs -Fish -Cheese

Adults need ____ mg/day of phosphorus

700

Iron is a ____ mineral

Trace

Iron is part of ____

Hemoglobin

Iron from food is known as ____ iron

Ferric

Absorbable iron is known as ____ iron

Ferrous

Stored iron is known as ____

Ferritin

Iron overload is known as _____, and is treated with iron chelation therapy

Hemochromatosis

Iron is involved in ____ transport

Oxygen

Heme iron can be found in...

-Animal foods -Meat -Fish -Poultry

Non-heme iron can be found in...

-Cereals -Vegetables

Non-heme iron is poorly ____

Absorbed

Absorption of non-heme iron is aided by...

-Gastric juice -Vitamin C -Calcium (sometimes)

Calcium can only help in the absorption of non-heme iron if there are ____ present, which are found in fruits, vegetables, nuts, and grains

Oxalates

What foods hinder the absorption of non-heme iron?

-Eggs -Tea -Milk -Cheese

A deficiency in iron can lead to...

-Pale tongue -Fatigue -Anemia -Spoon-shaped nails (Koilonychia) -Pale conjunctiva (mucous membranes that line the eyelid)

Men require ____ mg/day of iron

Women require ____ mg/day of iron

Babies have enough iron stores to last for about the first ____ months of life

Magnesium is part of ____

Chlorophyll

Magnesium exists 50% in ____ and 50% in ____

Bone; cells

With high protein, calcium, or vitamin D, someone would need ____ magnesium

Additional

Magnesium is involved in ___ and ___ ___ synthesis

Protein and fatty acid

Magnesium also stabilizes the structure of ____

ATP

Magnesium ____ is rare because it exists in most food, including milk and bread

Deficiency

Men require ____ mg/day of magnesium

420

Women require ____ mg/day of magnesium

320

While rare, magnesium deficiency can cause ____

Tremors

Zinc is a ____ mineral

Trace

Excess zinc leads to ___ and ___ deficiency

Copper; iron

Zinc increases _____ acuity

Taste

Zinc can also enhance ____ action

Insulin

Zinc stabilized ___ and ____ and is also involved in cell division and growth

DNA; RNA

Sources of zinc include...

-Meat -Liver -Eggs -Fish

What two things decrease the absorption of zinc?

-Phytates -Copper

Men require ____ mg/day of zinc

Women require ____ mg/day of zinc

Deficiency of zinc can lead to...

-Reduced immune function -Alopecia -Poor wound healing -Hypogeusia -Growth retardation -Sexual immaturity in adolescents

Iodine is a trace mineral that is part of ____, a thyroid hormone

Thyroxine

Sources of iodine include...

-Seafood -Iodized salt

Adults require ____ micrograms of iodine

150

Deficiency of iodine can cause a ____

Goiter

Fluoride is a trace mineral that exists in ___ and ___

Teeth and bones

Sources of fluoride include...

-Soil -Water

Men require ____ mg/day of fluoride

Women require ____ mg/day of fluoride

Deficiency of fluoride may cause ____ ____

Dental caries

Copper is a trace mineral that, when attached to protein, is known as _____

Ceruloplasmin

Copper is involved in ____ synthesis and aids in iron absorption

Hemoglobin

Sources of copper include...

-Beef liver -Kidney -Oysters -Shellfish -Seeds and nuts -Dark, leafy greens

Adults require ____ micrograms of copper

900

Copper deficiency is rare, but can result in...

-Microcytic anemia -Neutropenia -Wilson's disease (low serum copper)

Wilson's Disease is a genetic absence of liver enzymes that normally transport copper to bile; causes build-up of copper in the...

-Liver -Brain -Eyes

Selenium is a trace mineral that cooperates with vitamin ____

Selenium acts as an antioxidant and is important for tissue ____

Respiration

Sources of selenium include...

-Soil -Grains -Meat -Fish -Poultry -Dairy

Men require ____ micrograms/day of selenium

Women require ____ micrograms/day of selenium

Deficiency of selenium can lead to...

-Myalgia (muscle aches) -Cardiac myopathy

Manganese is a trace mineral that is important for function of the ___ __ ___

Central nervous system

Sources of manganese include...

-Whole grains -Legumes -Nuts

Adults require ____-___ mg/day of manganese

1.8-2.3

Deficiency of manganese is ____

Unlikely

Chromium is an ultra-trace mineral; the absorption of chromium is enhanced by what two substances?

-Vitamin C -Niacin

Chromium aids the action of _____ and is involved in glucose metabolism

Insulin

Sources of chromium include...

-Oysters -Yeast -Potatoes -Liver

Adults require ___-___ micrograms of chromium

25-35

A deficiency in chromium may lead to ____ ___

Insulin resistance

Cobalt exists with vitamin ____

B12 (cyanocobalamine)

Cobalt is stored in the _____

Liver

Cobalt is involved in the maturation of ___ ___ ___

Red blood cells

A cobalt deficiency is related to a ____ deficiency

B12 (cyanocobalamine)

Sulfur exists in what two amino acids?

-Cysteine -Methionine

Sulfur is a component of ____ molecules

Organic

Sources of sulfur include...

-Meat -Fish -Eggs -Poultry

The adequate intake (AI) for sulfur is ___-___ mg

425-550

Choline is a component of ____

Lecithin

Choline functions to transport lipids and _____

Acetylcholine

Sources of choline include...

-Eggs (fat) -Milk -Liver -Soybeans

High dose vitamin E might antagonize vitamin ___

Hypersensitivity to light may be due to deficiency of ____ ____

Beta carotene

Infants and adolescents have a higher prevalence of ____ deficiency

Iron

Calcium deficiencies are associated with ____ and ____ deficiencies

Vitamin D, magnesium

____ water is water within the cells

Intracellular

Extracellular water is water that exists in...

-Plasma -Lymph -Interstitial -Intercellular

Water serves as a medium for cell ____

Metabolism

Normal insensible water loss (from skin and breathing) is about ___-___ L/day

0.8-1.2

____ ____ fluid includes both extracellular and extravascular fluid

Third space

____ dissociate into ions in water as anions or cations

Electrolytes

The concentration of electrolytes in expressed in _____

Milliequivalents

Formula for determining milliequivalents of an electrolyte:

(mg/atomic weight) x (valence)

Examples of extracellular electrolytes:

-Na+ (main cation) -Ca++ -Cl- -HCO3- (bicarbinate)

Sodium chloride is ___% sodium

One teaspoon of salt has ___ grams of NaCl, so it has 2.4 grams of sodium

Sodium is reabsorbed by ____ and retained by ____

Aldosterone; steroids

Electrolyte composition of normal saline (0.9% NaCl) per liter:

-154 mEq Na -154 mEq Cl

What are three intracellular electrolytes?

-K+ -Mg++ -P

What are foods high in potassium?

-Meat -Banana -Orange -Tomato -Potato -Cantaloupe

What foods are low in potassium?

-Apple -Cranberry -Blueberry -Carrot -Corn

_____ increases the excretion of potassium

Aldosterone

Hyperkalemia causes ____ irregularities

Cardiac

Normal range for sodium levels:

136-145 mEq/L

Normal range for potassium levels:

3.5-5 mEq/L

Normal range for calcium levels:

4.5-5.5

With _____, fluid moves from the less to the more concentrated side of the membrane

Osmosis

With ____, particles more from the more to the less concentrated side of the membrane

Diffusion

Protein exerts ____ ____ pressure

Colloidal osmotic

____ exerts pressure on blood vessel wall which keeps water within the blood vessels

Albumin

When albumin drops, the ___ drops, causing fluid to leak out

Pressure

With hypoalbuminemia, water moves from the extracellular space (plasma), to the ____ space (between and around cells)

Interstitial

Low serum protein leads to ____ and ____

Edema and ascites

____ is extreme, generalized edema and widespread swelling of the skin due to effusion of fluid into extracellular space

Anasarca

Anasarca is associated with what conditions?

-Heart failure -Liver failure -Renal failure -Extreme protein/calorie malnutrition

____ is caused by decreased water intake, excessive water output, or heavy solute load

Dehydration

Dehydration causes what symptoms?

-Nausea -Dizziness -Sunken eyes -Fever -Hyperventilation -Excessive sweating -Concentrated urine -Dry, inelastic skin -Increase in solutes (BUN) -Tachycardia -Headache -Fatigue -Decreased appetite -Rapid weight loss

Serum ____ is the best assessment parameter for fluid status

Sodium

_____ is associated with dehydration, while ____ is associated with over-hydration

Hypernatremia; hyponatremia

Acid-base balance refers to the regulation of ____ concentration

Hydrogen

____ release hydrogen ions while ____ take up hydrogen ions

Acids; bases

A ____ is a mixture of acid and base components to protect against a strong acid or strong base

Buffer

What are two examples of major buffers?

-Carbonic acid (H2CO3) -Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)

The pH scale goes from 0, very ____, to 14, very ____

Acidic; alkaline

Lungs control the supply of ____ ____ (carbon dioxide, water); altered by the rate and depth of breathing

Carbonic acid

Hypoventilation causes _____ of acid, while hyperventilation causes ____ of acid

Retention; loss

The kidneys control _____

Bicarbonate

The kidneys regulate ____ ion secretion and _____ reabsorption

Hydrogen; bicarbonate

If the kidneys retain bicarbonate, the level of base ____, whereas if the kidneys excrete excess bicarbonate, the level of base _____

Increases; decreases

A change in one side of the buffer brings about a ____ change in the other side to maintain balance (maintain a pH close to 7.4)

Compensatory

If there is a problem with acid-base balance related to the pulmonary system, it is either ____ acidosis or alkalosis

Respiratory

Respiratory acidosis is caused by retention of ___ ____ by the lungs

Carbon dioxide

____ leads to respiratory acidosis

Hypoventilation

To compensate for respiratory acidosis, the kidneys increase absorption of _____

Bicarbonate

Respiratory alkalosis is caused by increased excretion of ___ ___ (carbonic acid)

Carbon dioxide

_____ leads to respiratory alkalosis

Hyperventilation

A problem with acid-base balance that is related to the renal system is either ____ acidosis or alkalosis

Metabolic

With metabolic acidosis, the kidneys either produce too much or retain too much ____ leading to an increase in carbonic acid production, or the kidneys excrete too much base

Hydrogen

To compensate during metabolic acidosis, respiration ____ to remove carbon dioxide to decrease carbonic acid

Increases

Metabolic alkalosis is caused by the loss of ____ due to loss of acid, or an increased retention of base

Hydrogen

To compensate for metabolic alkalosis, ventilation ____ to retain more carbon dioxide to make carbonic acid

Decreases

The first step in evaluating an acid-base abnormality is to check the ____- is it moving towards acidosis or alkalosis (over 7.4 or under 7.4?)

After assessing the pH, check for the ____ (indicates something wrong with lungs) and ____ (indicates something is wrong with the kidneys) to determine if the cause is respiratory or metabolic;

pCO2; HCO3

Domain I: Principles of Dietetics: Nutrition Science Flashcards

(420 cards)