Domain I: Principles of Dietetics: Research Applications

Question 1

The second step in research is to develop a well-constructed research ____, which is a clear and simple statement using few works

Answer 1

Question

Question 2

The first step in research is to identify a relevant and important ____; review published research literature

Answer 2

Topic

Question 3

A research question leads to a ____, which is measurable, specifies a population being studied, specifies a time frame and type of relationship being studied, defines variables, and states level

Answer 3

Hypothesis

Question 4

A hypothesis is a ____ of a relationship, often expressed as more than, less than, or not equal to

Answer 4

Prediction

Question 5

A ____ hypothesis is when there is no relationship in a population of data (any difference is a result of sampling error); often has “equal to” expressed

Answer 5

Null

Question 6

A hypothesis should be _____ (feasible, interesting, novel or innovative, ethical, and relevant)

Answer 6

FINER

Question 7

A research objective defines the study’s purpose; consider the ____ format which includes population, intervention/exposure, comparison, and outcome

Answer 7

PICO

Question 8

Next, you must prepare the research _____, or the methodology to solve the problem

Answer 8

Protocol

Question 9

After the protocol is complete, organize methods and materials, and ____ and analyze data

Answer 9

Collect

Question 10

A ____-____ is a formal, defined system that combines the results of numerous small studies to increase the strength of belief in the observed effect; studies are of similar design, have defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and are published peer-reviewed studies

Answer 10

Meta-analysis

Question 11

_____ has proposed quality standards for the review and monitoring of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized trials

Answer 11

QUOROM

Question 12

_____ is an evidence-based minimum set of items for reporting on systematic reviews and meta-analyses; focuses on the reporting of reviews evaluating randomized trials, but can also be used as a basis for reporting systematic reviews of other types of research, particularly evaluations of interventions

Answer 12

PRISMA

Question 13

MOOSE stands for…

Answer 13

Meta-analysis of observational studies in Epidemiology

Question 14

____ outlines common criteria for clinical trials

Answer 14

CONSORT

Question 15

The ____ is a condensation of the final report; it includes the purpose of the study, questions asked, scope and method, as well as a summary of the conclusions

Answer 15

Abstract

Question 16

The _____ of a research report includes the objectives, definitions, background, limitations, and the order of presentation; next in the report will be a review of the existing literature and summary of different view points

Answer 16

Introduction

Question 17

Also included in the research report will be ____, which includes the statement of the hypothesis and a discussion of the methods used

Answer 17

Methodology

Question 18

The _____ section of a report will include specific lab, clinical, objective, or subjective findings

Answer 18

Results

Question 19

The _____ section of a research report includes interpretation of results, comparison with other studies (may be combined with results)

Answer 19

Discussion

Question 20

The _____ includes a brief summary of results and may include recommendations

Answer 20

Conclusion

Question 21

The last section of a research report is the _____, which discusses how the information might be applied in practice

Answer 21

Implications

Question 22

_____ research describes a state of nature at a point in time and generates hypotheses regarding determinants of a condition or disease

Answer 22

Descriptive

Question 23

Descriptive research provides ____ data and monitors change over time

Answer 23

Baseline

Question 24

Descriptive research establishes _____ among factors, but does not allow causal relationships to be determined (does NOT prove cause and effect)

Answer 24

Associations

Question 25

What are 4 types of descriptive research?

Answer 25

-Qualitative research -Case report, case study, case series -Surveys -Correlation studies/ecological studies

Question 26

Qualitative research precedes other research; the purpose is to explore a phenomenon of interest as a prelude to ____ development

Answer 26

Theory

Question 27

Qualitative research generates _____ data (rather than numerical data or numbers) that is collected through interviews, observations, questionnaires, and potentially focus groups

Answer 27

Narrative

Question 28

A case report/case study/case series reports on ____ of one subject or more than one subject

Answer 28

Observation

Question 29

Case reports describe, quantitatively, the experiences of a group of cases with a ____ in common

Answer 29

Disease/condition

Question 30

Case reports help identify ____ that are important to the etiology, care, or outcomes of a particular condition

Answer 30

Variables

Question 31

Surveys are research designed to describe and quantify characteristics of a defined population in a defined time frame; pinpoints _____

Answer 31

Problems

Question 32

Correlation or ecological studies compare the ____ of events/disease rates in different populations with the per capita consumption of certain dietary factors (Ex: correlation between fish consumption and breast cancer incidence)

Answer 32

Frequency

Question 33

_____ research tests hypotheses concerning the effects of specific factors of interest and allows causal associations to be determined

Answer 33

Analytical

Question 34

Analytical research can prove ____ __ ____

Answer 34

Cause and effect

Question 35

Examples of analytical study designs:

Answer 35

-Clinical trials -Follow-up studies -Case-control studies

Question 36

An experimental study uses an ____ and a ____ group

Answer 36

Experimental and control

Question 37

With an experimental study, ____ occurs which randomly assigns members of a target population in either the treatment or control group without bias

Answer 37

Randomization

Question 38

The experimental group recieves the program or treatment, while the control group does not/is given a placebo which removes the possibility of the ____ effect, which is a positive response due to attention that participants receive

Answer 38

Hawthorne

Question 39

Experimental studies are difficult to run because there may not be enough people for a control group and researchers may not feel that it is _____ to deny certain participants a service

Answer 39

Ethical

Question 40

The gold standard for clinical nutrition studies is a ____ ____ ___, which is considered the best for evaluating medical treatments and interventions with one or more treatments

Answer 40

Randomized Controlled Trial

Question 41

In a ____ design study, participants are randomly assigned to a particular treatment group and remain on that treatment throughout the study

Answer 41

Parallel

Question 42

In a _____ design study, each participant serves as their own control

Answer 42

Crossover

Question 43

In a ____ ____ crossover design, each participant would receive either the intervention or control in the first period, and the alternate treatment in the second period

Answer 43

Two period

Question 44

A major advantage to the crossover design is that _____ is reduced because the measured effect of the intervention is the difference in that participant's response to the intervention and control (this allows us to use a smaller sample size)

Answer 44

Variability

Question 45

Crossover study designs are usually _____ in duration, but each participant is exposed to all treatments

Answer 45

Longer

Question 46

A Quasi-experimental study design is also known as a ____ ____, or a series of measurements at periodic intervals before the program begins and after the program ends; it shows whether measurements before and after the program are a continuation of previous patterns of whether they indicate noteworthy change

Answer 46

Time study

Question 47

A ____ is any group whose members have something in common

Answer 47

Cohort

Question 48

A cohort study design follows a group of ____ people through time to see if they develop a specific condition

Answer 48

Healthy

Question 49

A cohort study is sometimes called an _____ study, which tracks the frequency of new (newly diagnosed) cases of a disease

Answer 49

Incidence

Question 50

Cohort studies are carried out over a long period of time (_____ study), and are typically _____ (future-oriented)

Answer 50

Longitudinal; prospective

Question 51

Some cohort studies may be ____, which use existing data and look back for a relationship between exposure factors and outcomes

Answer 51

Retrospective

Question 52

A ___-___ study focuses on a specific disease; those with the disease are compared with a group without the disease, but otherwise similar in characteristics

Answer 52

Case-control

Question 53

In a case-control study, both groups recall past ____, which allows researchers to study how the groups differ

Answer 53

Behaviors

Question 54

____-____ studies are a one-time data collection counting all of the cases of a specific disease among a group of people at a particular time

Answer 54

Cross-sectional

Question 55

Cross-sectional studies measure _____; they are a snap-shot look at one point in time to describe current (not past or present) events

Answer 55

Prevalence

Question 56

The ___ ____ ____, which is under the FDA, is a committee established to review and approve research involving human subjects to ensure it is conducted within all ethical and federal guidelines (also may be known as Independent Ethics Committee, Ethical Review Board, or Research Review Board)

Answer 56

Institutional Review Board

Question 57

To be designated as an author of a manuscript in biomedical journals, you must have made substantial contributions to the ____ or ____ of the data

Answer 57

Design/analysis

Question 58

Statistical evaluation, interpretation, and application of data answers the question, "Did we ____ what we think?"

Answer 58

Prove

Question 59

Internal ____ tests whether the difference between the two groups is real (has the experimental group really performed differently?)

Answer 59

Validity

Question 60

External validity tests whether or not a _____ can be made from the study to larger populations

Answer 60

Generalization

Question 61

____ ___ ____ is a tool used to evaluate validity; it asks whether the difference between samples is a reliable one that would be repeated

Answer 61

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Question 62

ANOVA is used when several (___ or more) products compete against one another

Answer 62

3

Question 63

ANOVA compares the variance ____ groups with the variance ___ groups

Answer 63

Between; within

Question 64

ANOVA answers the question of if there are one or more ____ differences anywhere among the samples

Answer 64

Significant

Question 65

_____ is a measure of the consistency or reproducibility of test results (test, the retest later- are results similar?)

Answer 65

Reliability

Question 66

A _____ reliability test uses two separate but similar forms of the same test at the same time; reliability is determined by the degree to which the sets of scores coincide

Answer 66

Parallel

Question 67

Split halves of reliability divide the test in half; reliability is determined by the degree of ____ of results

Answer 67

Similarity

Question 68

____ is the amount of variation that occurs randomly

Answer 68

Precision

Question 69

Less random ____ results in greater precision in the measurement and greater reliability

Answer 69

Variation

Question 70

___ and ___ are used if the protocol involves screening for a particular condition; it evaluates the cut-off value being used

Answer 70

Sensitivity and specificity

Question 71

Sensitivity measures the proportion of afflicted individuals that test ____

Answer 71

Positive

Question 72

Specificity measures the proportion of non-afflicted individuals that test as _____

Answer 72

Non-afflicted

Question 73

____ are characteristics that may have different values from observation to observation

Answer 73

Variables

Question 74

_____ data fits into a category with no special order (Ex: gender, race, marital status, present or absent)

Answer 74

Nominal (non-ordinal)

Question 75

____ order data can be compared with one another and put in order (Ex: best to worst, state of disease 1-4)

Answer 75

Rank (ordinal scale)

Question 76

Numerical ____ data is data with numbers, for example number of clinic visits

Answer 76

Discrete

Question 77

Numerical ____ data has underlying scales such as blood pressure

Answer 77

Continuous

Question 78

______ means each segment of the population will be represented in the sample; selects units from a much larger population and uses randomization

Answer 78

Probability

Question 79

____-____ means that there is no way of forecasting that each element in the population will be represented in the sample

Answer 79

Non-probability

Question 80

_____ sampling is an example of non-probability; it takes units as they arrive on scene (no attempt to control bias)

Answer 80

Convenience (accidental)

Question 81

_____ explains the process of selecting units in the same ratio as they are found in the general population

Answer 81

Quota

Question 82

Measures of ____ ____ measure the center of any mass data

Answer 82

Central tendency

Question 83

The ___ ____ is the simple average; total the values of all observations and divide by the number of observations

Answer 83

Arithmetic mean

Question 84

The ____ is the midpoint of a data set; arrange observations from low to high and count the number of values to find the midpoint

Answer 84

Median

Question 85

The ____ is the most frequently occurring value; it is the prediction most likely to be right

Answer 85

Mode

Question 86

Measures of ____ measure how values are distributed about the mean

Answer 86

Dispersion

Question 87

_____ is an example of a measure of dispersion; it is the difference between the lower value nd highest value in the distribution

Answer 87

Range

Question 88

____ ____ indicates the degree of dispersion about the mean value of a distribution; this is the most significant measure of dispersion (it is the square root of the sum of the squared deviations of each value from the mean, divided by the number of observations)

Answer 88

Standard deviation

Question 89

The curve of a normal distribution as it falls away from it peak on either side is ____ (bulging outward), and becomes concave as it begins to level off

Answer 89

Convex

Question 90

The distance between the mean and ___ ___ ____ on either side is equal to the standard deviation

Answer 90

Point of infliction

Question 91

About ____% of all observations in a normal distribution lie within 1 standard deviation of the mean (mean + 1 SD)

Answer 91

68% (2/3)

Question 92

____% of all observations lie within about 2 standard deviations of the mean

Answer 92

95%

Question 93

____ are relationships between varying types of data; the closer the points are to the line, the stronger the degree of linear relationship

Answer 93

Correlations

Question 94

The linear ____ ____ (r) is a measure of how close the points are to the line

Answer 94

Correlation coefficient

Question 95

The value of the linear correlation coefficient is always between ___ and ___ (r is 1 when all the points lie exactly on a straight line with a positive slope and -1 when all the points lie exactly on a straight line with a negative slope)

Answer 95

-1 and 1

Question 96

The closer to 0, the more _____ the points are from the line (if r=0, there is no linear relationship/agreement)

Answer 96

Dispersed

Question 97

The clinical ____ is a change or difference in outcomes that somebody cares about; the outcome must be relevant for patient care, public health, or the field of study (change must be statistically significant, not due to chance)

Answer 97

Significance

Question 98

Levels of significance are expressed as a ____ value

Answer 98

p

Question 99

The ____ the value of the p-value, the higher the significance of your results

Answer 99

Lower

Question 100

A p-value of ____ or less indicates a significant difference with reliable results

Answer 100

0.05

Question 101

A p-value of more ____ indicates not very significant difference and results that are not reliable

Answer 101

0.05

Question 102

The level of significance shows how strong or weak the evidence is in support of the _____

Answer 102

Hypothesis

Question 103

The smaller the p-value, the higher the confidence that the effect you observed is ____

Answer 103

Real

Question 104

A ___-___ study removed bias from research because neither the researcher not the subject knows which group is receiving the treatment and which the placebo

Answer 104

Double-blind

Question 105

____ is the rate of death, while ____ is the state of disease

Answer 105

Mortality; morbidity

Question 106

____ statistics summarize and describe aspects of a set of data

Answer 106

Descriptive

Question 107

_____ statistics are techniques that allow conclusions to extend beyond an immediate data set (what is the probability that the results can be applied to a larger group/what can be inferred from the results?)

Answer 107

Inferential

Question 108

A _____ test does not depend on a normal distribution

Answer 108

Nonparametric

Question 109

_____ scores have only two possible outcomes, such as heads or tails

Answer 109

Dichotomous

Question 110

_____ scores are measured on a continuous scale

Answer 110

Continuous

Question 111

A ____ study is an example of a formative evaluation

Answer 111

Pilot

Question 112

____ ____ tests evaluate whether or not there is a real difference between categories; used with attributes that have more than 2 categories; compared the frequency with which we'd expect certain observations to occur with the frequency that actually occurred

Answer 112

Chi-squared

Question 113

A ___-test tests the significance between the means of two different populations; tests the null against the alternative hypothesis; if this probability value is equal to less than the level set for significance, the null hypothesis is rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis (reject the null=signficant data)

Answer 113

T

Question 114

A ____ is a block diagram whose blocks are proportional in area to the frequency in each class or group (frequency distribution of data)

Answer 114

Block

Question 115

Evidence-based guidelines are developed by conducting a ____ ____ and then using the conclusion of the review to develop practice-based guidelines; the AND Evidence Analysis Library assists in answering questions that may arise during the provision of nutrition care

Answer 115

Systematic review