final review questions Flashcards
(26 cards)
resting potential
The inside of the cell membrane is negative compared to the outside.
The resting potential refers to the electrical charge difference across a neuron’s membrane when it is not transmitting a signal. Specifically, the inside of the neuron is negatively charged relative to the outside. This difference is typically around -70 millivolts (mV).
Cornea
Protects the eye and bends (focuses) incoming light.
Pupil
The hole that lets light in (gets bigger or smaller depending on light).
Iris
Colored part of the eye; controls the size of the pupil.
Lens
Focuses light onto the retina (can change shape = accommodation).
Retina
Lining at the back of the eye that has cells to detect light.
Fovea
Central part of the retina; gives sharpest vision (lots of cones here).
Optic Nerve
Sends visual info from the eye to the brain.
Blind Spot
Spot where the optic nerve leaves the eye—no receptors here.
Rods
Photoreceptors for black & white and night vision.
Cones
Photoreceptors for color and daylight vision; work best in bright light.
Afterimages
opponent-process theory
Afterimages are part of the opponent-process theory of color vision.
Depolarization
neuron getting excited to send a message.
A process in which the neuron’s charge becomes less negative (more positive) inside the cell, making it more likely to fire an action potential.
REM sleep, generally an “active” state of sleep, is accompanied by which of the following paradoxical characteristics?
The correct answer is: D) Lowered muscle tone
Why this is correct:
REM sleep is known as paradoxical sleep because:
The brain is highly active, similar to when you’re awake (vivid dreams occur).
But your body is in a state of muscle atonia—your voluntary muscles are essentially paralyzed.
This prevents you from acting out your dreams.
red-green system.
The most common form of color blindness is related to deficiencies in the
Random sampling
larger population to ensure they are representative of that population. While random sampling helps make the sample more
generalizable
Random assignment
experimental and control groups)
Confounding Variable
Time of day, age
混杂变量是指既影响自变量又影响因变量的无关变量，它可能导致关于两者关系的错误或误导性结论。运动与减肥
研究问题：运动能减肥吗？
自变量：锻炼（参与者是否参与锻炼）
因变量：体重减轻
混杂变量：饮食
解释：如果锻炼的参与者恰好饮食更健康，那么他们的体重减轻可以归因于锻炼和饮食。饮食是一个混杂变量，因为它会影响体重减轻，但在本研究中并未控制饮食。为了分离锻炼对体重减轻的影响，研究人员需要控制饮食。
In vision, transduction occurs within
retina
In the case of vision, light waves enter the eye and are eventually converted into electrical signals by photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) located in the retina.
circadian rhythm
A cycle of biological functioning that lasts about 25 hours
somatosensory cortex.
The more sensitive the body part, the larger the area of the somatosensory cortex.
The size of the area of the somatosensory cortex that is associated with a particular body part corresponds with how sensitive that body part is. The more sensitive the body part, the larger the area of the somatosensory cortex that is dedicated to it.
The thalamus processes information for all of the following senses EXCEPT
smell
This is a normal distribution question. You’re given:
Mean = 50
Standard deviation (SD) = 8
Mary’s score = 59
Step 1: Calculate the z-score
(59-50)/8 =1.125
You have 1.125, then you go to the distribution graph. Since is below then you add all the percent below 1
remember the graph(normal distribution)
On a multiple intelligences test, the mean score for a class of 100 students is 80 and the standard deviation of the scores is 10. The professor who gave the test then realizes that she made a scoring error, which she corrects by adding 5 points to each student’s score. The standard deviation of the students’ new scores is
5,10,10.5,15
10
because everone is adding a 5 point , nothin gis changing
