drugs acting on the digestive system Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
types of drugs acting on digestive system
A
emetics and antiemetics prokinetic drugs drugs for the treatment of GI ulcers laxatives and antidiarrhoeals appetite stimulants liver protectants
2
Q
emetic mechanism of action
A
ingestion of toxic agent, foreign body
3
Q
emetics are prohibited to use when
A
seizures pulmonary edema unconsciousness pregnant animals strong acid, alkali sharp objects species
4
Q
list emetics
A
apomorphine
rpoinirol
xylazine
syrup of ipecacuanha
5
Q
whats apomorphine
A
morphine and HCl
6
Q
apomorphine side effects
A
excitation or depression
7
Q
apomorphine dog admin route
A
po, iv, sc, conjunctival
8
Q
apomorphine mechanism of action
A
CTZ stimulation, inhibition of emetic centre
9
Q
apomorphine reapplication
A
no effect
10
Q
ropinirol mechanism of action
A
dopamine rec agonist, D2
11
Q
roppinirol how long do we wait to readmin
A
20mins
12
Q
ropinirol side effects
A
irritation, tachycardia, tremors
13
Q
xylazine mechanism of action
A
alhpa2 agonist - CTZ stimulus
14
Q
xylazine admin route
A
iv, im
15
Q
xylazine side effects
A
sedation, hypotension, bradycardia
16
Q
in which species is xylazine most reliable as an emetic
A
feline
17
Q
which emetic is a peripheral emetic
A
syrup of ipecacuanha
18
Q
local antiemetics
A
local anaesthetics
vit B6
19
Q
systemic antiemetics
A
phenothiazines dopamine antagonists antihistamines serotonin antagonists NK1 receptor antagonists parasympatholytics
20
Q
phenothiazine receptors
A
dopamine antagonist
alpha1 antagonist
H antagonist
serotonin antagonist
21
Q
phenothiazine side effects
A
hypotension sedation hypothermia seizures enhancement PRL incr
22
Q
phenothiazines contraindicactions
A
other dopamine antagonists
hypovolaemia
seizures
animals with pseudopregnancy
23
Q
phenothiazines that act as antiemetics
A
chlorpromazine
acepromazine
tiethylperazine - not avaliable
24
Q
where do dopamine antagonists have their action
A
centrally and peripherally
25
dopamine antagonists where is there constriction
cardia
26
dopamine antagonists where is there an incr in motility
body of stomach
27
dopamine antagonists where is there relaxation and an incr in motility
pylorus
28
dopamine antagonists admin route
im, po, iv
29
F value after po admin of dopamine antagonists
50%
30
dopamine antagonists side effects
excitation, seizures
31
can dopamine antagonists be given with phenothiazines
no
32
dopamine antagonists indications
vomiting, disturbances with gastric emptying
| gastroesophageal reflux
33
dopamine antagonists contraindications
phenothiazines
ileus
gastric, duodenal ulcer
34
dopamine antagonists
metoclopramide
| domperidone
35
metoclopramide oral bioavaliability
50%
36
serotonin antagonists efficacy
excellent efficacy, wide range of indications
37
serotonin antagonists name
ondansetron
| dolasetron
38
ondansetron admin route
PO, IV
39
antihistamines mechanism of action
ACh and H antagonists
| vestibular centre -> emetic centre
40
antihistamines indications
motion sickness
41
antihistamines list
dimenhydrinate
| diphenhydramine
42
neurokinin 1 antagonists name
maropitant citrate
43
neurokinin1 antagonists F value
better orally than sc
44
neurokinin1 antagonists Tmax
45mins
45
neurokinin1 antagonists T1/2
6-8hrs
46
neurokinin1 antagonists indications
orally for the prevention of motion sickness
47
neurokinin1 antagonists side effects
mild analgesic and antiinflammatory effect
reduces dose of iso/sevoflurane
can accumulate
48
prokinetic drugs list
```
metoclopramide
cisapride
prukaloprid
ranitidine
erythromycin
tegaserod
```
49
which prokinetics have their effect on the stomach
```
metoclopramide
domiperidone
ranitidine
cisapride
prukalopride
tegaserod
```
50
which prokinetics have their effect on the colon
cisapride
prukalopride
tegasaerod
51
where does metoclopramide have its effect
centrally and peripherally
| cardia, stomach, pylorus, duodenum
52
cisapride does it cross the BBB
no
53
cisapride mechanism of action
serotonin agonist in myenteric plexus -> ACh release
54
ranitidine mechanism of action
mild AChE receptors -> cholinergic effect - incr motility
55
erythromycin mechanism of action
motilin rec agonist
56
groups of drugs against GI ulcers
acid neutralisers/antacids
acid secretion inhibitors
drugs increasing mucosal resistance
57
types of acid secretion inhibitors
H2 antagonists
| proton pump inhibitors
58
drugs increasing mucosal resistance
PGE analogues
| coating agents
59
drugs against GI ulcers indications
```
gastroduodenal ulcer
long acting NSAID and GCC therapy
anorexia
gastritis
ureamia
pancreatitis
hepatopathia
excerise induced lesions
```
60
systemic antacids
baking soda
61
non systemic antacids
MgO
CaCO3
Al(OH)3
62
can non systemic antacids be used together
yes
63
MgO mechanism of action
mainly neutralises acid, milk laxative agent
64
Al (OH)3 mechanism of action
mainly coats mucosa, milder neutraliser, mild constipation
65
H2 antagonists mechanism of action
competitive antagonists of histamine on H2 receptors on parietal cells -> HCl production decr
66
H2 antagonists list
cimetidine
ranitidine
famotidine
nizatidine
67
cimetidine half life
short
68
cimetidine mechanism of action
CYP enzyme inhibitor -> drug interactions
69
ranitidine half life
longer in dogs and cats, horse shorter
70
ranitidine admin route
po, iv, im
71
famotidine absorption
good
72
famotidine half life
longest
73
H2 antagonists tolerance
can be formed in 3-13 days -> there could also be rebound effect
74
proton pump inhibitors list
omeprazole, pantoprazole
75
are omeprazole and pantoprazole prodrugs
yes, activated in parietal cells at acidic pH
76
where are omeprazole and pantoprazole activated
parietal cells
77
why are proton pump inhibitors given in capsule or coated tablet
acid sensitive
78
where do proton pump inhibitors accumulate
parietal cells
79
max effect of proton pump inhibitors happens after how long
3-4days
80
pharmacokinetics of PPIs after per os admin
long effect, even for days, can reduce its own decomposition in the stomach
81
PPIs side effects
CYP enyme inhibition
| dysbacteriosis -> probiotics
82
PPIs effects after 3-4 weeks
tolerance and rebound -> slow completion
83
coating agents list
sucralfate
84
whats sucralfate made up of
sucrose octasulphate
| Al(OH)3
85
whats sucrose octasulphate
viscious coating agent
bound to damaged proteins
inactivates pepsin and bile acids
86
whats Al(OH)3
antacid and coating
87
what happens to EGF and PGE levels after coating agents
increases
88
side effects coating agents
rare, constipation
89
when should we give coating agents
1hr before feeding
90
PGE analogues list
misoprostole
91
misoprostole mechanism of action
PGE -> HCl, mucus secretion, vasoregulation -> regeneration
92
misoprotole usage
for prevention
93
types of laxatives
```
stimulant laxatives
osmotic
colloidal
coating agents
others - phosphate-salt
```
94
stimulant laxatives list
```
ricinus
phenolphtalein
bisacodyl
emodin
docusate
```
95
stimulant laxatives mechanism of action
direct smooth muscle stimulation and plexus myentericus stimulation
96
when shouldnt we use stimulant laxatives
in severe constipation
97
duration of stimulant laxatives
4-6 hours
98
phneolphtalein side effects
pink or red discolouration of urine and faeces
99
osmotic laxatives list
Na2(SO4)
MgSO4
Na citrate
lactulose
100
osmotic laxatives absorption
bad - water retention - diarrhoea
101
lactulose admin route
per os or per rectum
102
lactulose what does it do to NH3 abosorption
decreases it -> hepatic encephalopathy
103
what happens to luminal pH after admin of lactulose
decr in number of NH3 producing bact
104
colloidal laxatives mechanism of action
absorb water - extension - increased peristalsis
105
name colloidal laxatives
cornmeal
psyllium spp
pumpkin
106
coating agents laxatives list
liquid paraffin
107
liquid paraffin admin route
po
108
liquid paraffin side effects
fat soluble vitamins deficit
paraffin granulomas
decr peristalsis in long term - decr normal stimulus
109
types of antidiarrhoeal drugs
absorbents
adstringents
motility modifiers
treatment of chronic colitis
110
absorbents mechanism of action
bind toxins, gases, drugs in the GI tract
111
absorbents are they reliable
no
112
name three absorbents
activated charcoal
kaolin
montmorillonit
113
activated charcoal what does it bind
enterotoxins, endotoxins
114
name two adstringents
bismuth salts
| tannic acid
115
adstringents mechanism of action
vasoconstriction - antisecretory and anti-inflammatory
| binds to damaged proteins - coagulation - protective layer
116
what do adstringents do to toxins
inactivates them
117
when shouldnt we use motility modifiers
not in bacterial gastroenteritis
118
two groups of motility modifiers
parasympatholytics
| morphine derivatives
119
name two morphine derivatives that act as motility modifiers
diphenoxylate
| loperamide
120
do these morphine derivates acting as motility modifiers cross the BBB
slightly
121
treatment of chronic colitis
frequently idiopathic - diet and symptomatic treatment
122
types of drugs for appetite stimulus
```
B vitamins
anabolic steroids
benzodiazepines
cyproheptadin
propofol
mirtazapine
```
123
b vitamins admin route
po and parenteral
124
anabolic steroids indications
appetite stimulation, haematopoeisis, weight gain
125
anabolic steriods side effects
hepatotoxicity, masculinisation, Na and water retention
126
name two anabolic steroids
nandrolone, stanzolole
127
benzodiazepines contraindications
cat
128
benzodiazepines for use as appetite stimulants
diazepam, oxazepam
129
whats cyproheptadin
histamine and serotonin antagonist
130
cyproheptadin side effect
aggressivity
131
propofol admin
low dose, even sc admin
132
mirtazapine can it be used in cats
yes
133
three types of hepatoprotectives
cholagogues
hepatoprotectants
lipotropic agents
134
two types of cholagogues
cholekinetics
| choleretics
135
cholekinetics list
MgSO4, some volatile oils
136
choleretics list
UDCA, menbuton, clanobutin
137
whats UDCA
```
ursodeoxycholic acid - ursodiol, hydrophilic bile acid
choleretic effect
antioxidant
anti apoptotic
cytoprotective
prevents gallstone formation
```
138
UDCA indications
chronic hepatic disease
biliary cirrhosis
cholangitis
139
how often do we admin UDCA
SID
140
clanbutin, menbutone effects
incr biliary secr
inc pancreatic enzyme secr
incr gastric acid secr
141
clanbutin, menbutone indications
inappetance, dyspepsia, cholestasis
142
clanbutin, menbutone contraindications
pancreatitis, gastric ulceration,
| severe heart failure
143
silymarin effects
antioxidant, decr lipid peroxidation
membrane stabiliser, decr penetration
protein synthesis, regen capabilities
decr collagen synthesis
144
silymarin indications
acute and chronic heart failure
fibrosis, cirrhosis
hepatotoxic substances
145
choline, methionine effects
lipotropic agents
| methyl donor, optimise liver funct
146
primary drugs for treatment of hepatic lipidosis
choline, methionine
147
choline mechanism of action
incr lipoprotein synthesis
148
SAMe what is it
derivative of methionine
| reactivated by vitB
149
SAMe effects
supporting bichemical functions
150
D penicillamine features
copper storing hepatopathy
| cystinuria
151
other hepatoprotectives
```
glucose
fructose
N acetyl cysteine
vitE
vitC
```
