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endocrine 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

role of hormones

A

integration and contol body functions in close co operation with nervous system

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2
Q

hormone definition

A

a chemical substance produced in one part of the body that diffuses or transported to another area where it influences activity and tends to integrate component parts of the organ

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3
Q

three chemical classes of hormones

A

amine, peptide, protein, glycoprotein
steroids
unsaturated fatty acids

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4
Q

two types of hormones

A

membrane active hormones

gene active hormones

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5
Q

where would you find membrane active hormones

A

on the surface of cells

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6
Q

where would you find gene active hormones

A

in the cytoplasm

on the cell nuclear chromatin

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7
Q

principles of hormone therapy

A 
mode of application
size of dose
physiological level
overdose,, permanent large doses
overlapping effect
incr efficacy
decr efficacy
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8
Q

examples for overlapping effect

A
  • gluco and mineralocorticoids
  • oxytocin-vasopressin
  • FSH-LH or eCG/PMSG-hCG
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9
Q

examples for increased efficacy

A
  • synthetic analogues
  • esterification, complex formation
  • enhanced synthesis
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10
Q

examples for decreased efficacy

A
  • antagonists
  • anti-hormone
  • inhibitors of hormone synthesis
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11
Q

classifications of hormones

A 
releasing and inhibitory hormones
hormones of pituitary gland
thyroid gland
endocrine pancreas
sex steroid hormones and anabolic agents
corticosteroids
pineal gland
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12
Q

where are releasing and inhibitory hormones produced

A

hypothalamus, transported via the hypophyseal portal system into the adenohypophysis

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13
Q

name releasing and inhibiting hormones

A 
GnRH
TRH
CRH
GRH
GIH
PRH
PIH
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14
Q

GnRH

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone, anterior pituitary -> releases LH and FSH -> ovary, testis

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15
Q

TRH

A

thyrotropin releasing hormone, AP-> releases TSH -> thyroid gland

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16
Q

CRH

A

corticotropin releasing hormone, AP -> releases ACTH -> adrenal cortex

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17
Q

GRH

A

somatotropin releasing hormone, AP-> releases GH -> tissues

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18
Q

GIH

A

somatotropin inhibitory hormone, AP-> releases GH -> tissues

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19
Q

PRH

A

prolactin releasing hormone, AP-> releases prolactin -> mammary gland

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20
Q

PIH

A

prolactin inhibitory hormone, AP->inhibits prolactin output

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21
Q

hormones of the adenohypophysis

A 
STH
ACTH
TSH
prolactin
FSH
LH
hCG
PMSG
eCG
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22
Q

STH

A

somatotropin, growth hormone, general soma -> IGF 1

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23
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone, adrenal cortex -> aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone, cortisol

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24
Q

TSH

A

thyrotropic hormone, thyroid gland -> thyroxine

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25
name two gonadotropins
FSH and LH
26
hCG
human chorionic gonadotropin, predominantly LH like activity
27
PMSG, eCG
pregnant mares serum gonadotropin, mainly FSH like activity, but LH like activity too
28
hormones of neurohypophysis
ADH | oxytocin
29
ADH
antidiuretic hormone, vasopressin, renal tubules
30
oxytocin
uterine myometrium and mammary myoepithelium
31
hormones of thyroid gland
T3, T4
32
hormones of endocrine pancreas
insulin | glucagon
33
sex steroid hormones and anabolic agents
oestrogens progesterone and progestagens androgens
34
corticosteroids
mineralocorticoids | glucocorticoids
35
hormones of pineal gland
melatonin
36
somatotropin is produced by which cell type
somatotroph
37
somatotroph hypothalamic stimulating factors
GHRH, Ghrelin
38
somatotroph hypothalamic inhibitory factors
somatostatin
39
somatotroph main target organs
liver, skeletal structure
40
somatotroph hormones of the target organs
insulin like growth factor
41
prolactin pituitary cells
lactotroph
42
lactotroph hypothalamic stimulating factors
TRH
43
lactotroph hypothalamic inhibitory factors
dopamine
44
lactotroph main target hormones
mammary gland
45
lactotroph hormones of target organs
not produced
46
LH and FSH pituitary cells
gonadotroph
47
gonadotroph hypothalamic stimulating factors
GnRH
48
gonadotroph hypothalamic inhibitory factors
GnIH
49
gonadotropin main target organs
gonads, ovaries and testes
50
TSH pituitary cells
thyrotroph
51
thyrotroph hypothalamic stimulating factors
TRH
52
thyrotroph hypothalamic inhibitory factors
somatostatin
53
thyrotroph main target organs
thyroid gland
54
ACTH pituitary cells
corticotroph
55
corticotroph hypothalamic stimulating factors
CRH
56
corticotroph hypothalamic inhibitory factors
unknown
57
corticotroph main target organs
adrenal cortex
58
can somatotropin be given orally
no, it is ineffective
59
what hormones control the release of GH
GHRH | GHIH
60
release of GH is also controlled by
ghrelin polypeptide | plasma level of GH
61
source of ghrelin polypeptide
predominant source GI, hypothalamus, smaller amounts in placenta, kidney and pituitary gland
62
causes for increase of plasma GH level
during sleep and by hypoglycaemia, exercise, stress, alpha adrenoceptor agonists, dopamine
63
causes for decrease of plasma GH level
hyperglycaemia, glucocorticoids, beta adrenoceptor agonists
64
what happens in the absence of IGF1
laron dwarfism, treatment with recombinant IGF1 mecasermin
65
effects of GH
direct and partly indirect basically anabolic action stimulates growth controls metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fat promotes N retention, transport of AAs into tissues incr and accelerates their incorporation into proteins
66
what happens in disordered GH production
giant acromegaly dwarfism, defiency
67
how do we diagnose disordered GH production
stimulation test
68
what drugs are used for stimulation test for disordered GH production diagnosis
clonidin xylazine sermirelin
69
GH use
growth promoter - to incr milk production, meat quality replacement therapy Gh responsive alopeia in dog
70
what can happen in overproduction of GH
acromegaly or gigantism
71
how do we inhibit GH production
synthetic somatostatin analogues D2 dopaminergic agents - presynaptic, feedback pegvisomant - GH receptor, inhibition of IGF1 synthesis
72
corticotropin effect
incr synthesis of enzymes involved in steroid biosynthesis incr in conversion of cholesterol to pregnonlone incr level of cortisol and corticosterone
73
corticotropin use
incr glucocorticoid level in conditions where it is relatively or absolutely low cattle ketosis restore function of adrenal cortex stimulatio test/ differential diagnosis of adrenocortical hypo/hyperplasia
74
how do we give natural ACTH with porcine origin IM
depot preparations avaliable
75
disadvantages of natural ACTH of porcine origin
short half life immunogenity orally ineffective
76
CRH products avaliable
synthetic human and ovine corticotropin releasing hormone
77
when do we use CRH
CRH stimulation test
78
thyrotropin makeup
glycoprotein consists of two chains
79
can you get bovine thyrotropin nowadays
no, only in the past, recombinant human TSH has replaced the bovine products in human clinical use
80
thyrotropin effect
it increases iodine uptake by the thyroid gland and the production and secretion of thyroid hormones
81
use of thyrotropin
in research treatment of acanthosis nigricans to diagnose primary hypothyroidism TSH or biosynthetic
82
ADH makeup
9 AAs, slight interspecies differences in AAs combo
83
main function of ADH
control of water balance
84
three types of ADH receptors
V1a, V1b and V2
85
where is v1a receptor
on vascular smooth muscle cells -> vasoconstriction
86
where is v1b receptor
anterior pituitary stimulation of ACTh
87
where is V2 receptor
on the renal tubules -> incr water permeability and water reabsorption in the collecting ducts by insertion of aquaporin 2 channels
88
use of ADH
diagnosis and treatment of total and partial central diabetes insipidus, seperation from diabetes melitus
89
preparations of ADH
natural vasopressin nasal spray synthetic analogue desmopressin, injectable oral and nasal spray dosage forms are avaliable chlorpropamide in DI thiazide diuretics may be used, paradoxical action
90
what do we call overproduction of ADH
SIADH - syndrome of inappropriate ADH
91
ADH receptor antagonists
conivaptan tolvaptan lixivaptan
92
non specific drugs for use in SIADH
demeclocycline, tetracyclines, lithium, antidepressants
93
conivaptan hwo do we use
only for iv use
94
conivaptan selectivitity
less, also V1
95
tolvaptan and lixivaptan seletivity
V2 receptor antagonists, po application also avaliable
96
whats type 1 diabetes
insulin dependant diabetes melitus
97
whats type 2 diabetes
non insulin dependant diabetes melitus
98
insulin makeup
two amino acid chains, linked by disulphide bridges, small interspecies differences in AAs sequences
99
which cells produce insuli
pancreatic Beta cells
100
insulin biosynthesis
preproinsulin in ER -> proinsulin -> transportation to golgi complex -> insulin -> storage in secretatory granules in complex with zinc
101
how is insulin excreted
exocytosis
102
how is insulin secretion regulated
mainly by glucose
103
actions of insulin
incr intracellular uptake of glucose, AAs, FA, K+ | in the cells incr glucose metabolism, protein synthesis, deposition of fat and glucose
104
results of lack of insulin
glucose intolerance, hyperglycaemia, glucosuria polyruai polydypsea, saluresis weight loss incomplete fat metabolism -> incr plasma free FAs -> ketoacidosis -> coma
105
metabolism of insulin
relatively specific insulin degrading enzyme is rapid
106
use of insulin
to treat diabetes melitus | ketosis and fatty liver in cattle which are non responsive to glucose of GC therapy alone
107
how do we classify insulin products
origin purity formulation - regular, insulin zinc suspension
108
origin of insulin products
natural - bovine or ovine | biosynthetic gene transfer
109
regular formulation insulin
rapid onset, duration of action generally short, depends on route of administration -IV,SC
110
insulin zinc suspension caninsulin
higher Zn content + acetate buffer + suspension, amorphous intermediate duration, crystalline more prolonged
111
protamine zinc insulin
suspension of insulin + protamine sulphate + zinc chloride in buffered water -duration 24-36hrs
112
isophane insulin
- suspension of Zn insulin crystals and protamine Zn in buffered water - cloudy or milky suspension - duration 12-30hrs
113
surfen insulin
long activity, aminoquinuride surfectant
114
insulin dosage
individual
115
adverse effects of insulin
acute hypoglycaemia - excessive insulin dose or inadequate food intake somogyi rebound effect - hypoglycaemia induced hyperglycaemia allergic reaction, antibody formation
116
insulin interactions with drugs that decr hypoglycaemic activity
GCs, dobutamine, oestrogen/progesterone, xylazine, thiazide diuretics
117
insulin interactions iwth drugs that incr hypoglycaemic activity
anabolic steroids, beta-adrenerg blockers, MAO inhibitors, phenylbutazone, salicylates
118
in which type of diabetes do we use orally active hypoglycaemic drugs
type 2 non insulin dependant diabetes
119
name orally active hypoglycaemic drugs
``` sulphonylurea substances glinides biguanides thiazolidine diones acarbose ```
120
sulphonylurea substances
``` tolbutamide - short action, cardio effect chlorpropamide - long acting metahexamide glibenclamide gliclazide glipizide ```
121
glipizide dose for cat
5mg/cat
122
sulphonylurea substances actions
``` release of insulin incr sensitivity of the cells to insulin incr number of receptors incr the binding of insulin to plasma proteins decr glucagon incr ```
123
sulphonylurea substances side effects
liver toxicity, elevated CYP enzyme activity
124
glinides effect
incr insulin secretion
125
name a glinide
nateglinide
126
name biguanides
fenformine buformine methofromine
127
biguanides action
stimulation of the action of insulin, decr oral absorption of glucose
128
thiazolidine diones effects
veterinary experiences are not avaliable, modulation of insulin dependant genes, reduction of blood sugar level
129
acarbose effects
inhibition of alpha glycosidase activity in GI, less rapid elevation of blood sugar level after food consumption, also with insulin in dogs and cats
130
hormones of the thyroid gland
calcitonin L thyroxine L tri iodthyronine
131
effect of calcitonin
control of hypercalcaemia
132
role of L thyroxine and L tri iodothyronine
TRH-TSH control - production, storage, release
133
where would you find T3 and T4
mainly intracellularly | in plasma TBG - low non bounded fraction
134
how are T3 and T4 excreted
mainly by faeces
135
functions of T3 and T4
control of metabolic rate of all tissues, in conjugation with other hormones, they are necessary for normal differentiation, dvelopment and function of nervous, repro and musculo-skeletal system
136
thyroid hormones effect on calorigeesis, thermo regulation
basal metabolic rate and O2 consumption
137
thyroid hormones effect on growth and maturation
normal CNS development
138
thyroid hormones effect on carb metabolism
glycogenolysis incr glycolysis incr anti insulin
139
thyroid hormones effect on protein metabolism
synthesis and degradation incr
140
thyroid hormones effect on cardiovascular system
myosin ATPase incr | beta-receptor numbers incr
141
thyroid hormones effect on dermatology
normal hairs, fatty acids turnover in skin, normal keratin turnover
142
thyroid hormones effect on neuromuscular
normal myelin production
143
thyroid hormones effect on repro
maintainence of normal protein synthetic rates
144
thyroid hormones effect on endocrine
normal secretion of GH, gonadotropins, cortisol but prolactin decr
145
thyroid hormones immunologic
stimulation
146
causes for hypothyroidism
a defiency of iodine, feeding cabbage malfunction of thyroid gland itself deficient output of TSH from pituitary gland
147
alimentary hypothyroidism cause
defiency of iodine, feeding cabbage in ruminants
148
primary hypothyroidism cause
malfunction of the thyroid gland itself
149
secondary hypothyroidism cause
deficient output of TSH from the pituitary gland
150
in which species do we get hyperthyroidism
may happen in dogs, but moreso in cats
151
types of preparations for hypothyroidism
crude thyroid products | synthetic preparations
152
name some synthetic preparations
L thyroxine/levothyroxine L thyroxine Na L tri iodothyronine
153
L thyroxine/levothyroxine which species
dog, cat, horse - sid, bid or po
154
which species do we use L thyroxine Na
dog iv or sc
155
in which species do we use L tri iodothyronine
dog, tid, po
156
preparations for hyperthyroidism
iodine thiouracils I131 isotope
157
name the thiouracils
thiouracil propylthiouracil thiamazole carbamazole
158
mineralocorticoids production
renin angiotensin ACTH stimulate
159
mineralocorticoids physiological role
incr Na reabsorption, water retention, blood-pressure, inflammatory processes
160
preparations for treatment of hypoadrenocorticism
aldosterone desoxycorticosterone pivalate desoxycorticosterone acetate fludrocortisone acetate
161
side effects of preparations for treatment of hypoadrenocorticism
hypokalaemia, hypernatraemia, water retention, muscle weakness, hypertension, incr susceptibility to infection
162
aldosterone for hypoadrenocorticism
only avaliable for research
163
how is fludrocortisone used
oral use, slight GC side effect
164
preparations for hyperadrenocorticism
pituitary dependant cushings syndrome | pituitary or adrenal dependant cushings syndrome
165
pituitary dependant cushings syndrome aim
inhibition of ACTH synthesis and release
166
pituitary dependant cushings syndrome name
bromocriptine pergolid cyproheptadine-Hcl - unproved
167
preparations for pituitary or adrenal dependant cushings syndrome
ketocunazole mitotane trilostane

Pharmacology (23 decks)

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