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Drugs And Addiction Flashcards

(60 cards)

1
Q

What is substance use disorder?

A

A complex condition characterised by the compulsive use of a substance that persists despite awareness of negative consequences

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2
Q

What is intoxication?

A

A reversible set of symptoms occurring after the use of exposure to a drug, symptoms may occur in people without SUD

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3
Q

What is withdrawal?

A

Diagnosed based on the behavioural, physical and cognitive symptoms that occurring after due to the abrupt reduction or discontinuation of heavy and prolonged substance use

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4
Q

What is neuropharmacology?

A

The study of how drugs affect the nervous system

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5
Q

What are endogenous substances?

A

Naturally occurring within the body

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6
Q

What are exogenous substances?

A

Molecules from outside our body, used to affect behaviour and physiology

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7
Q

What are drugs?

A

Exogenous chemical compounds administered to produce a desired change in the body. Natural, man made, beneficial and harmful

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8
Q

Examples of psychoactive drugs

A

Coca plants
Marijuana
Tobacco

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9
Q

Brain neurotransmitters have what kind of relationship with plant alkaloids?

A

A close evolutionary relationship

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10
Q

How do monkeys and apes self medicate?

A

Select plants with antibacterial affects

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11
Q

How does taste shape the use of botanical drugs?

A

Taste strongly predictive of therapeutic use - simple but strong taste

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12
Q

Goals within motivational systems?

A

Bring the organism in contact with potentially beneficial resources and away from danger

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13
Q

Psychoactive drugs in animals

A

Many animals self administer drug to the point of death, ignoring elementary needs

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14
Q

What is the mesocorticopathway?

A

Pathway of dopamine
Drug abuse increase Mesolithic dopamine activity, signalling reward from brain

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15
Q

The function of dopamine

A

Dopamine triggers a neuron making you feel good

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16
Q

What role does the insula play in drug addiction?

A

Connections with subcritical and cortical structures and emotions. Involved in the conscious urge to take drugs

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17
Q

What does a dysfunctional insula mean for drug use?

A

Relate to impaired decision making in drug addiction

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18
Q

Example impact of insula lesion

A

Lesion in addiction smokers resulted in an ability to stop smoking effortlessly

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19
Q

Where is the insula?

A

Behind frontal
Lobe

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20
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

A chemical messenger between neurons

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21
Q

What are receptors?

A

Protein molecules in the postsynaptic membrane

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22
Q

What are the receptor subtypes?

A

Ionotropic
Metabrotropic

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23
Q

How do ionotropic receptors?

A

Open an ion channel when the neurotransmitter molecule binds

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24
Q

How do metabotropic receptors work?

A

When activated they alter chemical reactions in the cell, such as a G protein system to open an ion channel

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25
What is a ligand?
A substance that binds to a receptor and activates or blocks it
26
What are exogenous ligands?
Neurotransmitters and hormones
27
What are exogenous ligands?
Drugs and toxins from outside the body
28
What are agonists?
They initiate the normal effects of receptor - increases neurotransmission
29
What is an antagonist?
Blocks the receptor being activated by other ligands and decreases neurotransmission
30
4 steps of synaptic transmission
Synthesis Release Receptor action Inactivation
31
What is synthesis of synaptic transmission?
Some neurotransmitters are transported from the cell nucleus to the terminal button. Other’s are packaged into vesicles
32
What is release in synaptic transmission?
In response to an action potential, the transmitter is released across the membrane by exocytosis
33
What is receptor action in synaptic transmission?
The transmitter crosses the synaptic cleft and binds to a receptor
34
What is inactivation in synaptic transmission?
The transmitter is either taken back into the terminal or inactivated in the synaptic cleft
35
What are activating systems?
Neural pathways that coordinate brain activity through a Single neurotransmitter
36
Four major activity systems in the brain
Cholinergic Dopaminergic Noradrenergic Serotonergic
37
What is acetylcholine?
First neurotransmitter identified, cell bodies in basal forebrain, projects to hippocampus and cortex.
38
What is acetylcholine implicated in?
Arousal Sleep wake Movement Learning and memory
39
Acetylcholine agonists
Choline rich diet increases ACh Black widow venom promoted release Nicotine stimulates receptors
40
Acetylcholine antagonists
Botulin toxin blocks release Curare blocks receptors
41
What is dopamine?
Active molecule in maintaining normal motor behaviour, feelings of rewards affected by drugs, schizophrenia
42
What are the two dopamine pathways?
The mesostriatial and the mesolimbocortical pathway
43
What is the mesostriatal pathway?
Originated in midbrains and innovated the stiatum. Important in motor control. Can be linked to causing Parkinson’s
44
What is mesolimbocortical pathway?
Projects to the limbic system and cortex, involved in reward, reinforcement and learning
45
What is cocaine?
A stimulant which produce increase in neural and behavioural activity
46
What do changes in serotonin result in?
OCD, tics, schizophrenia
47
Where are serotonin cell bodies found?
In the raphe nuclei and their serotonin fibres project widely
48
What is serotonin implemented in?
Sleep, mood, sexual behaviour, and anxiety
49
Agonist drug affects at serotonin receptors
MAO inhibitor inhibits the breakdown of serotonin so more can be released SSRI block transporter protein for reuptake so serotonin stays in cleft longer
50
Two amino acid transmitters?
Glutamate - excitatory GABA - inhibitory
51
What is ecotoxicity?
Neural injury such as stroke which Amy cause excess release of the glutamate which is toxic to neurons
52
How is GABA formed?
By a simple modification of the glutamate molecule
53
Two classes of GABA receptors
Ionotropic and metabotropic
54
What do sedative drugs induce?
Increase sedation, reduce excitement and agitation
55
What do hypnotic drugs induce?
Sleep
56
What is metabolic tolerance?
Organ systems become more effective at eliminating the drug
57
What is functional tolerance?
Target issues may show altered sensitivity to the drug
58
What is sensitisation?
Occurs when drug affects become stronger with repeated treatment
59
What alters sensitivity in the direction opposite to drugs affects?
Changes in numbers of receptors
60
What is cross tolerance?
A whole. Lass of chemically similar drugs