Drugs And Addiction

Question 1

What is substance use disorder?

Answer 1

A complex condition characterised by the compulsive use of a substance that persists despite awareness of negative consequences

Question 2

What is intoxication?

Answer 2

A reversible set of symptoms occurring after the use of exposure to a drug, symptoms may occur in people without SUD

Question 3

What is withdrawal?

Answer 3

Diagnosed based on the behavioural, physical and cognitive symptoms that occurring after due to the abrupt reduction or discontinuation of heavy and prolonged substance use

Question 4

What is neuropharmacology?

Answer 4

The study of how drugs affect the nervous system

Question 5

What are endogenous substances?

Answer 5

Naturally occurring within the body

Question 6

What are exogenous substances?

Answer 6

Molecules from outside our body, used to affect behaviour and physiology

Question 7

What are drugs?

Answer 7

Exogenous chemical compounds administered to produce a desired change in the body. Natural, man made, beneficial and harmful

Question 8

Examples of psychoactive drugs

Answer 8

Coca plants
Marijuana
Tobacco

Question 9

Brain neurotransmitters have what kind of relationship with plant alkaloids?

Answer 9

A close evolutionary relationship

Question 10

How do monkeys and apes self medicate?

Answer 10

Select plants with antibacterial affects

Question 11

How does taste shape the use of botanical drugs?

Answer 11

Taste strongly predictive of therapeutic use - simple but strong taste

Question 12

Goals within motivational systems?

Answer 12

Bring the organism in contact with potentially beneficial resources and away from danger

Question 13

Psychoactive drugs in animals

Answer 13

Many animals self administer drug to the point of death, ignoring elementary needs

Question 14

What is the mesocorticopathway?

Answer 14

Pathway of dopamine
Drug abuse increase Mesolithic dopamine activity, signalling reward from brain

Question 15

The function of dopamine

Answer 15

Dopamine triggers a neuron making you feel good

Question 16

What role does the insula play in drug addiction?

Answer 16

Connections with subcritical and cortical structures and emotions. Involved in the conscious urge to take drugs

Question 17

What does a dysfunctional insula mean for drug use?

Answer 17

Relate to impaired decision making in drug addiction

Question 18

Example impact of insula lesion

Answer 18

Lesion in addiction smokers resulted in an ability to stop smoking effortlessly

Question 19

Where is the insula?

Answer 19

Behind frontal
Lobe

Question 20

What is a neurotransmitter?

Answer 20

A chemical messenger between neurons

Question 21

What are receptors?

Answer 21

Protein molecules in the postsynaptic membrane

Question 22

What are the receptor subtypes?

Answer 22

Ionotropic
Metabrotropic

Question 23

How do ionotropic receptors?

Answer 23

Open an ion channel when the neurotransmitter molecule binds

Question 24

How do metabotropic receptors work?

Answer 24

When activated they alter chemical reactions in the cell, such as a G protein system to open an ion channel

Question 25

What is a ligand?

Answer 25

A substance that binds to a receptor and activates or blocks it

Question 26

What are exogenous ligands?

Answer 26

Neurotransmitters and hormones

Question 27

What are exogenous ligands?

Answer 27

Drugs and toxins from outside the body

Question 28

What are agonists?

Answer 28

They initiate the normal effects of receptor - increases neurotransmission

Question 29

What is an antagonist?

Answer 29

Blocks the receptor being activated by other ligands and decreases neurotransmission

Question 30

4 steps of synaptic transmission

Answer 30

Synthesis Release Receptor action Inactivation

Question 31

What is synthesis of synaptic transmission?

Answer 31

Some neurotransmitters are transported from the cell nucleus to the terminal button. Other’s are packaged into vesicles

Question 32

What is release in synaptic transmission?

Answer 32

In response to an action potential, the transmitter is released across the membrane by exocytosis

Question 33

What is receptor action in synaptic transmission?

Answer 33

The transmitter crosses the synaptic cleft and binds to a receptor

Question 34

What is inactivation in synaptic transmission?

Answer 34

The transmitter is either taken back into the terminal or inactivated in the synaptic cleft

Question 35

What are activating systems?

Answer 35

Neural pathways that coordinate brain activity through a Single neurotransmitter

Question 36

Four major activity systems in the brain

Answer 36

Cholinergic Dopaminergic Noradrenergic Serotonergic

Question 37

What is acetylcholine?

Answer 37

First neurotransmitter identified, cell bodies in basal forebrain, projects to hippocampus and cortex.

Question 38

What is acetylcholine implicated in?

Answer 38

Arousal Sleep wake Movement Learning and memory

Question 39

Acetylcholine agonists

Answer 39

Choline rich diet increases ACh Black widow venom promoted release Nicotine stimulates receptors

Question 40

Acetylcholine antagonists

Answer 40

Botulin toxin blocks release Curare blocks receptors

Question 41

What is dopamine?

Answer 41

Active molecule in maintaining normal motor behaviour, feelings of rewards affected by drugs, schizophrenia

Question 42

What are the two dopamine pathways?

Answer 42

The mesostriatial and the mesolimbocortical pathway

Question 43

What is the mesostriatal pathway?

Answer 43

Originated in midbrains and innovated the stiatum. Important in motor control. Can be linked to causing Parkinson’s

Question 44

What is mesolimbocortical pathway?

Answer 44

Projects to the limbic system and cortex, involved in reward, reinforcement and learning

Question 45

What is cocaine?

Answer 45

A stimulant which produce increase in neural and behavioural activity

Question 46

What do changes in serotonin result in?

Answer 46

OCD, tics, schizophrenia

Question 47

Where are serotonin cell bodies found?

Answer 47

In the raphe nuclei and their serotonin fibres project widely

Question 48

What is serotonin implemented in?

Answer 48

Sleep, mood, sexual behaviour, and anxiety

Question 49

Agonist drug affects at serotonin receptors

Answer 49

MAO inhibitor inhibits the breakdown of serotonin so more can be released SSRI block transporter protein for reuptake so serotonin stays in cleft longer

Question 50

Two amino acid transmitters?

Answer 50

Glutamate - excitatory GABA - inhibitory

Question 51

What is ecotoxicity?

Answer 51

Neural injury such as stroke which Amy cause excess release of the glutamate which is toxic to neurons

Question 52

How is GABA formed?

Answer 52

By a simple modification of the glutamate molecule

Question 53

Two classes of GABA receptors

Answer 53

Ionotropic and metabotropic

Question 54

What do sedative drugs induce?

Answer 54

Increase sedation, reduce excitement and agitation

Question 55

What do hypnotic drugs induce?

Answer 55

Sleep

Question 56

What is metabolic tolerance?

Answer 56

Organ systems become more effective at eliminating the drug

Question 57

What is functional tolerance?

Answer 57

Target issues may show altered sensitivity to the drug

Question 58

What is sensitisation?

Answer 58

Occurs when drug affects become stronger with repeated treatment

Question 59

What alters sensitivity in the direction opposite to drugs affects?

Answer 59

Changes in numbers of receptors

Question 60

What is cross tolerance?

Answer 60

A whole. Lass of chemically similar drugs