Neurobiology Of Learning Lecture

Question 1

What are skills?

Answer 1

Capacity to do something well

Question 2

Difference between skills and abilities?

Answer 2

Skills are acquired or learned, abilities are usually innate

Question 3

The nature debate suggests…

Answer 3

Expertise reflects innate talent that is genetically determined

Question 4

Deliberate practice and the nurture view

Answer 4

Expertise can be devolved through deliberate practice is task is appropriate, feedback is given, adequate chances, opportunity to correct

Question 5

Genes and expertise

Answer 5

Molecular genetic research finds links between specific genes and elite performances
Correlations for ACTN3 gene, fast twitch muscle, sprinting

Question 6

Erickson claim of expertise

Answer 6

Individual differences in ultimate performance can largely be accounted for by differential amounts of past and current practice

Question 7

Disadvantage of deliberate practice claims

Answer 7

Insufficient evidence
People vary widely in the amount of training they require to gain a level of expertise

Question 8

Ericsson’s second claim

Answer 8

If Genetically influenced abilities matter at all for domain relevant performance, it is only early in training

Question 9

Mainz and hambrick

Answer 9

Working memory capacity significantly predicted sight reading performances even at high levels of dp

Question 10

Ericsson third claim

Answer 10

Ten years of deliberate practice is required to achieve expertise

Question 11

Disadvantages of third claim

Answer 11

Insufficient evidence, studies found takes less than ten years to

Question 12

Fourth Ericsson claim

Answer 12

Deliberate practice is a stronger predictor of performance than other forms of experience

Although a significant predictors not always the strongest predictor - hambrick

Question 13

Fifth claim Ericsson

Answer 13

The higher the level of attained elite performance, the earlier the age of first exposure as well as the age of starting deliberate practice

Question 14

Contradictory evidence for Ericsson fifth claim

Answer 14

Later specialisation may be more optimal, elite performances can be achieved before physical maturity

Question 15

Directions for future research on deliberate practice

Answer 15

Combine expert performance approach with genetically informative designs

Question 16

Can genetically influenced abilities predict expertise independent of training?

Answer 16

While certain types of knowledge and skill necessary, basic sensory capacity may not be influenced

Question 17

Three examples of grey matter

Answer 17

Neurons
Glia cells
Vasculature

Question 18

Three examples of white matter

Answer 18

Myelin
Glia cells
Vascular

Question 19

What is Bayesian interference?

Answer 19

The strength of a conclusion is partly dependent on the degree of proportion conviction belief
New information changed the probability of a given conclusion

Question 20

Repetition priming

Answer 20

Improvements in a behavioural response when stimuli are repeatedly presented. The improvements can be measured with reaction time and accuracy

Question 21

Repetition suppression

Answer 21

The behavioural facilitation caused by prolong is usually accompanied by a reduction in neural response within specific cortical regions

Question 22

What is plasticity?

Answer 22

Changes in structure and function of brain that affect behaviour and that related to experience or training

Question 23

Two types of changes for plasticity

Answer 23

Functional and anatomical

Question 24

Anatomical changes

Answer 24

Full time taxi drivers have more grey matter, larger posterior hippocampus

Question 25

Functional changes

Answer 25

Redistributed brain activities

Question 26

Template theory

Answer 26

Templates based on knowledge can be accessed rapidly, allows expert players to narrow down possible movements

Question 27

Working memory capacity

Answer 27

Limited Distractions have negative effect of attention