dyslipidemea

Answer 1

Question: Can you tell me about Atorvastatin, Fluvastatin, Pravastatin, Rosuvastatin, and Simvastatin?
Answer:

Class: Statins (Lipid-lowering agents)

Mechanism: Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase → ↓ hepatic cholesterol synthesis → ↑ LDL receptor expression → ↑ LDL uptake from plasma

Uses:

First-line for dyslipidaemia, hypercholesterolaemia

Primary & secondary CVD prevention

Side Effects: Dizziness, constipation, diarrhoea; uncommon: vomiting; rare: neuropathy

Monitoring: Liver function tests, CK levels if muscle pain

Answer 2

Question: Can you tell me about Ezetimibe?
Answer:

Class: Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitor

Mechanism: Inhibits NPC1L1 transporter in intestines → ↓ absorption of dietary cholesterol

Uses:

Primary hypercholesterolaemia

Prevention of CVD (when statins are inappropriate or not tolerated)

Side Effects: Asthenia, diarrhoea, GI discomfort, headache, muscle pain

Answer 3

Question: Can you tell me about Fenofibrate, Gemfibrozil, Bezafibrate, and Fenofibric Acid?
Answer:

Class: Fibrates

Mechanism: Activate PPARs → influence lipid metabolism → ↓ triglycerides

Use: Hypercholesterolaemia, dyslipidaemia

Side Effects: Diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting; uncommon: muscle weakness; rare: hepatic disorders

Answer 4

Question: Can you tell me about Inclisiran?
Answer:

Class: Small Interfering RNA Drug

Mechanism: Inhibits PCSK9 production → ↑ LDL receptor activity → ↑ LDL-C clearance

Use: Primary hypercholesterolaemia

Side Effects: Injection site reactions – redness, rash

Answer 5

Question: Can you tell me about Niacin (Vitamin B3)?
Answer:

Class: Nicotinic Acid

Mechanism: Inhibits DGAT-2 in hepatocytes → ↓ triglyceride synthesis, ↑ HDL

Use: Dyslipidaemia

Dose: 1.5–3 g daily

Answer 6

Question: Can you tell me about Colesevelam, Colestipol, and Cholestyramine?
Answer:

Class: Bile Acid Sequestrants

Mechanism: Bind bile acids → ↑ conversion of cholesterol to bile acids → ↑ LDL receptor expression → ↑ LDL clearance

Uses:

Primary hypercholesterolaemia

Bile acid malabsorption

Side Effects: Constipation, GI discomfort, nausea, vomiting, headache; uncommon: appetite loss, GI disorders

Answer 7

Question: Can you tell me about Alirocumab and Evolocumab?
Answer:

Class: Monoclonal Antibodies against PCSK9

Mechanism: Bind PCSK9 → prevent LDL receptor degradation → ↑ LDL uptake

Use: Primary hypercholesterolaemia or mixed dyslipidaemia when statins are insufficient

Side Effects: Nasal symptoms, oropharyngeal pain, skin & pulmonary reactions

Note: Avoid in pregnancy and breastfeeding

Answer 8

Question: Can you tell me about Bempedoic Acid?
Answer:

Class: ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) Inhibitor

Mechanism: Inhibits ACL in cholesterol synthesis pathway → ↓ LDL levels

Use: Primary hypercholesterolaemia or mixed dyslipidaemia when other treatments fail

Side Effects: Anaemia, gout, hyperuricaemia, extremity pain; unknown frequency: diarrhoea, nausea, muscle spasms