EAR Flashcards by Iseoluwa Ojo

middle ear is an ——space within the—— part of the——- bone

air-filled

petrous

temporal

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The auricle is a ——-like undulating projection on the side of the head
-The entire pinna except his—— is made up of a single piece of crumpled——- covered with skin

trumpet

lobule

yellow elastic cartilage

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The lobule of pinna is made of ——— covered with skin.

fibrofatty tissue

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The auricular cartilage is continuous with the cartilage of the——-

external auditory meatus.

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There is no cartilage between—— and—— and the gap between the two is called ——-

tragus

crus of helix

incisura terminalis

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The thick hair on pinna particularly on—— in male represents ——inheritance.

tragus

Y-linked

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Features of lateral surface of external ear
-concha:leads into——;guarded in front by——-
——-conchae: small area of concha above the——-;Clinically it is important as it corresponds to the—— triangle (——-triangle).
-Antihelix:upper end splits to give the——; space between antihelix and helix is the—-
-Helix: 2 limbs; anterior limb ends as——-;posterior limb ends as——- below but has—— tubercle in its upper end that is wrongly thought to be the——-

external auditory meatus; tragus

Cymba; crus of helix; suprameatal; McEwen’s

triangular fossa; scaphoid fossa

crus of helix; lobule; Darwin’s

vestige of pointed part of quadruped ears

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Features of medial surface of external ear

Eminentia concha: corresponds to the——-
Eminentia triangularis:corresponds to ——-
Eminentia scaphoidia : corresponds to——-

depression of the concha.

corresponds to the triangular fossa

Scaphoid fossa

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MUSCLES of the external ear
extrinsic muscles
-they generally pass from—- or— to the—-
-1.—— anterior from—— to—- part of the—-
-2.——- superior from—- to—- surface of the—,
3.——— posterior. from the—— to——-
-their jobs is in——- of the auricle to——-

intrinsic muscles

are small muscular slips
which pass between the—- parts of the auricle.

-their job is to——— of the auricle

scalp; skull; auricle

Auricularis; epicranial aponeurotis; upper; helix

Auricularis; epicranial aponeurotis; cranial; auricle

Auricularis; mastoid process; eminentia concha

positioning; catch the sound

cartilaginous; change the shape

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Intrinsic muscles movement is well developed in humans

T/F

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ARTERIES of the external ear
——-and posterior——-surface is by——— artery
-Anterior—— surface is by ——artery
-Few branches of—— artery supply the—— part of the—- surface.

cranial

lateral

posterior auricular

lateral; superficial temporal

occipital; upper; cranial

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VEINS of the external ear drains into the——- and ———veins.

superficial temporal

external jugular

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LYMPH of the external ear
——-lymph nodes
——-lymph nodes
———lymph nodes

Preauricular (parotid)

Mastoid

Upper group of deep cervical

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EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS

extends from the——- to the——-
measures about——-
it is not a—— tube but it has a typical —shaped course.
its outer part is directed—-, inner—-
to examine eardrum, move the pinna——
divided into two parts:——- and—-.

bottom of the concha; tympanic membrane

24 mm

straight; S-

BUM; DFM

LUB

cartilaginous; bony

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EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS

Thecartilaginous part forms the——(—mm) of the meatus.

The cartilage is the continuation of the—
The skin covering the cartilaginous part is—, and contains—- and—— glands
The bony part forms the—-(—-mm)
The skin lining the bony part of meatus is— and continuous with the—— of the——-
It is also devoid of —- and——-

outer one-third ; 8

cartilage of the auricle.

thick; hair; ceruminous

inner two-third ; 16

thin; cuticular layer; tympanic membrane.

hair; ceruminous glands.

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Function of ceruminous glands???

And they are also called—-?

Produce wax

pilosebaceous

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external auditory meatus is longer in children.

T/F

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Children have shorter external auditory meatus and therefore, deep insertion of ear speculum may damage the——-

tympanic membrane

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ARTERIES of external auditory meatus

—-;——;——

deep auricular

anterior tympanic

posterior auricular

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NERVES of the external auditory meatus
Roof and—- wall are supplied by the——- nerve.
Floor and—— wall are supplied by the——— of nerve

anterior; auriculotemporal

posterior; auricular branch;vagus nerve

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the only cutaneous branch of the vagus nerve is the ——-

Auricular branch of the vagus nerve

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TYMPANIC MEMBRANE

a thin (——mm thick)—- membrane
forms the partition between—- and—-
It is——in shape, measuring—— mm in length, and—- mm in width.
It is placed—- making an angle of about —— with the—- of the—
The tympanic membrane faces—-, ——, and—- as though to catch the sounds reflected—-

0.1; semitransparent

external acoustic meatus; middle ear.

oval; 9–10; 8–9

obliquely ;55° ; floor; external acoustic meatus.

downwards; forwards; laterally; from the ground.

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Which is longer between the anterior and posterior wall of the external auditory meatus

And between the roof and floor of the external auditory meatus

Anterior is longer

Floor is longer

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Tympanic membrane
made of—- layers from out-in:
* Outer— layer of —— epithelium,
*Middle—— layer, which encloses the—-. It contains outer—- and inner—- fibres.
*Inner——- layer is lined by ——epithelium,

cuticular; stratified squamous

fibrous; handle of the malleus; radiating; circular

mucosal

low columnar

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Pinna is a source of several graft materials for the surgeons. T/F

The—- of ear is commonly pierced for wearing earrings.

lobule

For surgery of external auditory meatus, the incision is made in the region of—— as it will—-

incisura terminalis not cut through the cartilage.

furuncles mean——-?

infection of hair follicles

Where does furuncles develop?

Since the hairs are confined to the outer part of the meatus, the furuncles (infection of hair follicles) develop only in this part.

To examine external auditory meatus and tympanic membrane, the pinna is pulled LUB in adults, while in infants it is pulled—- and—-. WHY??!!!

downwards; backwards This is because in infants the bony part of external auditory meatus is not developed and tympanic membrane is directed mainly downwards.

The infection and boils of the external auditory meatus cause—— swelling that are very —— because the skin lining is——-

very little; painful firmly adhered to the underlying cartilage and bone.

Ear wax: It prevents the injury of—— from water and the damage of ——- by —— the insects. The excess of ear wax interfering with hearing is removed by ——. The irritation of—- of vagus during the process of removing excess wax may reflexly produce—- called —, vomiting, and even death due to ——

the lining epithelium of the external auditory meatus tympanic membrane trapping syringing auricular branch persistent cough; ear cough sudden cardiac inhibition.

The —— were the individuals in ancient Rome, who were very fond of excessive eating and used to stimulate their jaded appetite by dropping— or— behind the ear as this could reflexly stimulate—- due to supply of this area by the—- which also supplies motor innervation to the—-.

Aldermen cold water spirit gastric peristalsis vagus nerve GIT

Perforation of the tympanic membrane may result from an—— or——- infection

external injury middle ear

Middle ear - aka—-, or ——- - It contains—— auditory ossicles, which transmit—— from—— in its—— wall to the—- ear via its—— wall

tympanum;tympanic cavity three sound vibrations tympanic membrane lateral internal medial

Middle ear - is shaped like a—-, In coronal section, it resembles a———, like a——- - The middle ear communicates: - Anteriorly with—- through—-. - Posteriorly with—- and ——through—— called ——

cube biconcave disc; red blood cell nasopharynx; pharyngotympanic tube mastoid antrum; mastoid air cells aditus to antrum; aditus ad antrum.

``` Contents of the Middle Ear Inside the mucous lining 1. —-. Outside the mucous lining *—- small bones called ear—-: —-, —-, and—- .*—- muscles: —— and——. *—- nerves: ——- and—— *Vessels supplying and draining the middle ear. *Ligaments of the ear ossicles. ```

Air Three; ossicles; malleus; incus; stapes Two; tensor tympani; stapedius Two; chorda tympani; tympanic plexus.

``` Subdivisions of the Middle Ear -Epitympanum (——) Contains—-, —-, and—- of —- -Mesotympanum a part opposite to —-containing——, —-, and—-. -Hypotympanum a part—— the tympanic membrane. ```

attic head of malleus; body; short process; incus tympanic membrane ; handle of malleus; long process of incus; stapes below

the narrowest part of the middle ear is the ——-?

Mesotympanum

Ear Ossicles are connected to one another by —— joints

synovial

Malleu, incus ,stapes. Their other names Which pharyngeal arch they come from Which muscle they attach to

Hammer; Anvil or premolar tooth; Stirrup 1st arch; 1st arch; 2nd arch Tensor tympani; none;stapedius

Malleu, incus ,stapes. Type of synovial joint Actual Name of joint

Saddle type; both saddle and ball and socket; just ball and socket Incudomalleolar;incudomalleolar and incudostapedial; incudostapedial

Malleu, incus ,stapes. Their Parts

Head, body, handle Body, short process, long process Body

Handle of malleus attaches to ——— of the ———

Fibrous layer of the tympanic membrane

Tensor tympani- Origin:——— Insertion:———- Supplied by —— nerve Action :———

from auditory tube to handle of malleus V3 tenses eardrum

Stapedius Origin:——— Insertion:———- Supplied by —— nerve Action :———

from post wall of middle ear to neck of stapes CN7 blocks oval window

Hyperacusis is the ——-of——- -an abnormally—— power of—— -even—— appears as——.

paralysis stapedius increased; hearing whisper; noise

Otosclerosis - Abnormal—- of ——that anchors the—— of—— to the—— window - This impedes the movements of—- and causes——.

ossification; annular ligament ; footplate; stapes; oval stapes deafness

——-is the most common cause of conductive deafness in adults.

The otosclerosis

Roof of the middle ear - formed by—— - that separates the tympanic cavity from the—— - forms roof of——

tegmen tympani middle cranial fossa aditus antrum

Floor of the middle ear - thin plate of bone - separates the tympanic cavity from the——-

jugular bulb

Anterior wall of middle ear -thin plate of bone -separates the cavity from—— ——-part of anterior wall presents— openings or canals, the—- one for the ——muscle and the—- one for the——-

internal carotid artery upper; two upper; tensor tympani lower; auditory tube.

Posterior wall of middle ear - separates the tympanic cavity from—— and——- - contains the ——-,—-,——-,——-,and——

mastoid antrum; mastoid air cells aditus ad antrum, pyramid, fossa incudis, vertical part of facial canal, posterior canaliculus for chorda tympani

Lateral wall of middle ear | -formed by ——-

tympanic membrane

Medial wall of the middle ear - it is actually formed by the—— of the—— ear. - separates the tympanic cavity from the internal ear

bony lateral wall; internal

Medial wall of the middle ear contains - Promontory:—- due to—- (basal) turn of the—-. - Oval window:—- and—- promontory; closed by—- and—- - Round window:small round opening—- and—- the promontory; closed by —- that separates the—— ear from the——

rounded prominence; first; cochlea above; behind stapes; annular ligament below; behind fibrous secondary tympanic membrane middle; scala tympani.

Sinus tympani is a depression—- the promontory between——- and—-, which indicates the position of ___ of the——

behind fenestra vestibuli; fenestra cochleae ampulla; posterior semicircular canal.

The fluid filled in the membranous labyrinth is called —-. | -space between the membranous and bony labyrinth is filled with fluid called ——

endolymph perilymph

List the 4 parts of the membranes labyrinth

Cochlear Utricle/sacccule 3 semicircular ducts

MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH - Cochlear duct that lies within the—— and has a sensory receptor within it called—— .It is concerned with—-. - Saccule and Utricle that lie within the —-and have a sensory receptor within it called—. They are concerned with——-. - three Semicircular ducts that lie within the——- and have a sensory receptor within it called—- .They are concerned with——

bony cochlea spiral organ of Corti.; hearing bony vestibule ; maculae; static balance three bony semicircular canals; cristae ampullaris; kinetic balance.

The cochlear duct (—-turn) is connected to saccule by——- - The saccule and utricle are connected to each other by--shaped —-, which expands to form—- and—- - The utricle is connected to three semicircular ducts through—— openings.

basal ductus reuniens. Y; utriculo-saccular duct; ductus; saccus endolymphaticus. five

Cochlear Duct - aka Scala—- - is a spiral anterior part of the membranous labyrinth having two- and three-fourth turns. - It lies in the—- part of the cochlear canal between scala—- and scala—-. - The cochlear duct contains ——, which is sensory receptor for——-.

Media middle; vestibuli; tympani spiral organ of Corti; hearing

``` Boundaries of the cochlear duct Base: -Formed by the———(medially) ———- (laterally). Roof: -Formed by the——-(———membrane) Laterally: -It is bounded by the—— ```

osseous spiral lamina basilar membrane vestibular membrane ; Reissner’s outer wall of cochlear canal.

Spiral Organ of Corti - It is the peripheral organ of —- in the cochlear duct - is situated on the—— - Tunnel of Corti: It is formed by the—- and——. It contains a fluid called ——. The exact function of rods and corticolymph is—- - Hair cells: These are—- cells of —- located on—— and their apices possess—— which are overlaid by ——

hearing basilar membrane. inner; outer rod cells; corticolymph; not known receptor; hearing; basilar membrane; stereocilia; tectorial membrane.

Inner hair cells and outer hair cells. Function What nerve they majorly respond to How they are arranged

Transmuting sound; Modulating sound Cochlear nerve ; Nerve from superior olivary nucleus Single row ; 3or 4 rows

Mention 2 supporting cells of th organ of corti

Deiter’s and Hansen’s Cells

Supporting cells of organ of corti - The Deiter’s cells are situated between the—- and provide support to the—-. The Hansen’s cells lie—- the—— - tectorial membrane: It is made up of —— and overlies the——. Medially it is attached to —-. The shearing force between the—— and tectorial membrane stimulate the——. - The scala vestibuli and tympani are continuous with each other through a narrow opening at the—— called——

outer hair cells; outer hair cells outside; hair cells. gelatinous substance; hair cells osseous spiral lamina hair cells; hair cells apex of cochlear duct; helicotrema

Saccule and Utricle saccule -a small—— membranous sac -lies in the —— part of the vestibule utricle - an—— membranous sac - lies in the——- part of the vestibule

globular; anteroinferior oblong; posterosuperior

Which is larger. Saccule or Utricle??

Utricle

Semicircular Ducts - Each duct has one dilated end called —— - and that end of each duct bears a raised crest called—— which projects into its—-.

ampulla crista ampullaris lumen

Maculae - sensory receptors located in the—— walls of —- and——. - They sense—— of head in response to —- and—-, i.e., ——

medial saccule; utricle position; gravity; linear acceleration static balance

Cristae: - are sensory receptors located in the—— ends of the three semicircular ducts. - They respond to ——, i.e., ——-

ampullated angular acceleration kinetic balance.

``` BONY LABYRINTH of the inner ear -series of intercommunicating bony cavities and canals within the——- part of the—— bone. -3 parts: from front to back ——- ——- ——— ```

petrous; temporal cochlea vestibule semicircular canal

Cochlea - apex (——) is directed towards the—- wall of the—— - base is directed towards the—- of the—— - aqueduct of cochlea is a narrow tubular canal through which—- within the cochlea communicates with the—— of the—— through cochlear——-

cupula; medial; tympanic cavity bottom; internal acoustic meatus. perilymph; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); subarachnoid space; canaliculus.

Semicircular canals - There are three bony semicircular canals: anterior/——-,——-, and——-. - They lie in three planes at——- to each other - Each canal is about——- of a circle and is dilated at one end to form the ——- - both—— and—- semicircular canal lies in a vertical plane at ——to the long axis of the—— bone.

superior; posterior; lateral right angles two-third ampulla anterior; posterior ; right angle ; petrous temporal

both anterior and posterior semicircular canals are—- but anterior is—-, posterior is—- - anterior’s non-ampullated end(posterior) communicates with———— to form the—— and open on the vestibule - the lateral canal lies in an horizontal plane ;its ——-end is ampullated

convex; forward; backwards posterior’s non -ampullated end(upper) crus commune anterolateral

Which semicircular canal has both ends opening directly on the vestibule

Lateral semicircular canal

The lateral semicircular canals of the right and left ear lie in—— • The anterior semicircular canal of one side lies——- to the posterior semicircular canal of———

the same plane. parallel;; the other side.

The central egg-shaped cavity of the bony labyrinth is the ——

vestibule

The cochlear coils around a bony pillar called ——-

Modiolus

Sound is composed of —— and ——-

Rarefactions and compressions

Sound is represented by a —— wave

Sine

Sound waves of low frequency (inaudible) also excite the hair cells. T/F

inaudible sound travels around the ———

Helicotrema

The higher the frequency of a sound, the more proximal the region of basilar membrane that would be stimulated. T/F

Bending of the stereocilia causes ——- to open , cause a —— to be generated and release a ——(most likely——-)

Mechanically gated ion channels Graded potential Neurotransmitter Glutamate

The NT released at organ of corti causes the—— to transmit impulse to the brain

Cochlear nerve fiber

Pitch is perceived by —— and —— part of the auditory pathway Loudness is perceived by —— and —— part of the auditory pathway

Primary auditory cortex;cochlear nuclei Varying threshold of Cochlear cells;number of cells stimulated

Localization of sound is done by —— in the auditory pathway

Superior olivary nucleus

Macula contains —— cells and —- cells

Supporting Hair

Maculae’s hair cells’ stereocilia and kineocilia are embedded in the ———- membrane

Otolithic

Utricular hairs respond to ——- movement | Saccular hairs respond to ——— movement

Horizontal | Vertical

If otolithic membrane moves in the direction of the kineocilia, The vestibular nerves get ———- Number of action potentials generated would ——-

Depolarized | Increase

If otolithic membrane moves in the opposite direction of the kineocilia, Vestibular nerves become ——- Rate of impulse propagation———

Hyperpolarized | Decreases

Each crista has hair and support cells that extend into a gel-like mass called ——

Cupula

For crista, cupula moving in the same direction as head motion leads to ——

Hyper polarization

List the 3 modes of input for balance and orientation

Vestibular receptors Visual receptors Somatic receptors

Not All special senses are functional at birth . | T/F

Optic vesicles protrude from the ——- during the—— week of development . The vesicles end up being —— , and their stalks become ——

Diencephalon fourth Optic cups Optic nerves

The eye lens forms from what?… ectoderm or endoderm or mesoderm

Ectoderm

Vision is fully functional at birth | T/F

Babies are ———-, and their eye movements are ——-

Hyperopic Uncoordinated

What is hyperopia

Seeing only gray tones

Depth perception and color vision is well developed by age ——, and emmetropic eyes are developed by age ——

5 | 6

Ear development begins in a —- week embryo

Inner ears develop from —— which invaginate into the —— and ——-

Otic placodes Otic pit Otic vesicle

Otic vesicle becomes the —— | Surrounding mesenchyme becomes——

Membraneous labyrinth Bony labyrinth

Eardrum is ___ shaped

Cone

Bony labyrinth is lined by endosteum | T/F

Bony labyrinth lies within the Petrous part of temporal bone T/F

The auditory canal converted mechanical sound to neural impulses T/F

The auditory canal contains modified sweat glands that secrete cerumen T/F

The auditory canal causes the vibration of hair cells | T/F

The largest cortical region of the brain is ____ cortex

Visual cortex

EAR Flashcards

(114 cards)