EARTH SCI SUMMATIVE 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Importance of Minerals to Society
A
➢ Economic Development
➢ Technological Advancement
➢ National Security
➢ Quality of life
2
Q
Minerals such as iron, calcium, zinc, and magnesium are vital for a healthy body. They play roles in everything from blood production to bone health.
A
ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS
3
Q
Minerals like granite, marble, and limestone are used to build roads, buildings, and other infrastructure.
A
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
4
Q
Minerals are used to produce various industrial products, from aluminum to steel to electronics.
A
INDUSTRIAL USES
5
Q
Minerals like uranium, lithium, and cobalt are essential for power generation.
A
ENERGY SOURCES
6
Q
prevents tooth decay
by protecting teeth from acids in the mouth.
A
FLUORIDE IN TOOTHPASTE
7
Q
Stainless steel kitchenware contains an _________________, making it durable and noncorrosive.
A
ALLOY OF IRON AND CHROMIUM
8
Q
are used in components of gadgets like cellphones and computers.
A
SILICON, SILVER AND GOLD
9
Q
is widely used in electrical wiring due to its affordability.
A
COPPER
10
Q
is used in skyscrapers for its
durability.
A
IRON STEEL
11
Q
provides strength and stability
to buildings
A
CONCRETE, containing LIMESTONE, LIME, CHALK
12
Q
Glass made of _______ or ________ and _______ for floors, and ________ for window and door panels are
also used in construction.
A
SILICA
QUARTZ
GRANITE
MARBLE
ALUMINUM
13
Q
a strong and lightweight metal, is
used in medical and dental tools due to its biocompatibility.
A
TITANIUM
14
Q
is used in plaster casts for
immobilizing broken bones
A
GYPSUM
15
Q
used in surgical instruments
A
ALLOYS
16
Q
MINERALS IN ENERGY PRODUCTION
A
- NUCLEAR POWER
- ELECTRIC CAR BATTERIES
- DRY CELL BATTERIES
17
Q
Radioactive minerals like Uranium are used as a heat source in nuclear reactors to generate electricity.
A
NUCLEAR POWER
18
Q
Minerals like lithium, cobalt, and nickel are essential components of ____________
A
ELECTRIC CAR BATTERIES
19
Q
Zinc, carbon, cadmium, lead, and nickel are used in the manufacture of various ___________
A
DRY CELL BATTERIES
20
Q
MINERALS IN AGRICULTURE
A
NPK FERTILIZERS
LIME
21
Q
NPK MEANING
A
NITROGEN PHOSPHOROUS POTASSIUM
22
Q
LIME
A
CALCIUM CARBONATE
23
Q
Vital minerals for plant growth
A
NPK FERTILIZERS
24
Q
Used to lower soil acidity
A
LIME
25
MINERALS IN PHARMACEUTICALS
CALCIUM
MAGNESIUM & ZINC
26
helps the body develop strong
and healthy bones.
CALCIUM
27
support a healthy immune system.
MAGNESIUM & ZINC
28
OTHER IMPORTANT MINERALS
KAOLINITE
HEMATITE
MICA
LAPIS LAZULI (ROCK)
CALCITE
GARNET
SERPENTINE
OPAL
RUBY (GEMSTONE)
EMERALD (GEMSTONE)
29
also known as “China clay”
KAOLINITE
30
important material in the manufacture of porcelain,
paper, rubber, and paint
KAOLINITE
31
Soft and white
KAOLINITE
32
Red iron ore with high iron content
HEMATITE
33
a pigmenting agent used in preparations for heavy media separation, radiation shielding, ballast, and as a minor gemstone.
HEMATITE
34
flat, translucent and elastic mineral
MICA
35
contains high amount of silica
MICA
36
ingredient in makeup and various cosmetics.
MICA
37
widely used as gemstone
LAPIS LAZULLI (ROCK)
38
semiprecious stone with
deep blue color that contains lazurite mineral
LAPIS LAZULI (ROCK)
39
natural form of Calcium
carbonate
CALCITE
40
constitutes the sedimentary rock
Limestone
CALCITE
41
used as ingredient in
manufacture of cement
CALCITE
42
used as flux in metallurgical processes
CALCITE
43
translucent and has a
vitreous to resinous lusters
GARNET
44
used as gemstone and used widely as an abrasive
GARNET
45
has patterned appearance, slippery and colored green
SERPENTINE
46
used as gemstone and as stone decoration in architecture
SERPENTINE
47
a silica mineral with variety of colors from the yellows and reds due to impurities.
OPAL
48
used as gemstone and as
abrasives, insulation media, fillers, and ceramic ingredients.
OPAL
49
composed of transparent
red corundum mineral
RUBY
50
with deep cochineal to pale rose red color
RUBY
51
used as gemstone in any
kind of jewelry
RUBY
52
variety of beryl mineral with grass-green color
EMERALD
53
used as gemstone in any kind of jewelry
EMERALD
54
TWO METHODS OF MINING
SURFACE MINING
UNDERGROUND MINING
55
used to extract ore minerals near the surfac of the earth. The soil and
rocks that covered the ores are removed through blasting.
SURFACE MINING
56
TYPES OF SURFACE MINING
OPEN PIT MINING
STRIP MINING
DREDGING
MOUNTAIN TOP
PILCER
57
the most prevalent form of surface mining, involves excavating a large, open hole in the ground to reach the desired ore deposits.
OPEN PIT MINING
58
is often employed for extracting large quantities of materials like gravel, sand, and even rock. Explosives and drilling are crucial in creating the pit and accessing the valuable resources.
OPEN PIT MINING
59
another common surface
mining technique, involves removing a thin layer of overburden, the earth or soil covering the desired deposit.
STRIP MINING
60
is frequently employed for extracting coal, phosphates,
clays, and tar.
STRIP MINING
61
involves extracting materials from the bottom of bodies of water,
including rivers, lakes, and oceans
DREDGING
62
This technique utilizes specialized
machinery, such as dredges, to scoop up sediments and minerals from the seabed.
DREDGING
63
is essential for obtaining materials like sand, gravel, and minerals, but it can also be used for deepening waterways, creating artificial islands, and managing sediment buildup.
DREDGING
64
used to extract the rocks,
minerals and other precious
stones that can be found
beneath the earth’s surface.
UNDERGROUND MINING
65
miners need to create a tunnel so they can reach the ore minerals.
UNDERGROUND MINING
66
Mineral Processing: Transforming Raw Ore into Valuable Materials
SAMPLING
ANALYSIS
COMMINUTION
CONCENTRATION
DEWATERING
67
a crucial step to understand the composition and properties of the ore. This involves collecting representative samples from different parts of the ore deposit, ensuring an accurate reflection of the whole
SAMPLING
68
provides detailed insights into the composition of the ore, including its chemical makeup, mineral content, and particle size; provides a foundation for selecting appropriate processing
methods
ANALYSIS
69
__________helps determine the concentrations of valuable minerals and potential contaminants. __________identifies the different minerals present, while particle size analysis is crucial for optimizing crushing and grinding processes.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
MINERAL ANALYSIS
70
involves reducing the size of the ore through crushing and grinding.
COMMINUTION
71
This stage aims to liberate
valuable minerals from the surrounding rock and create a
particle size suitable for subsequent processing steps.
The process typically involves a series of crushing and grinding stages, each using specific machinery to achieve the desired particle size.
COMMINUTION
72
significantly impacts the overall efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the processing process
COMMINUTION
73
focuses on separating valuable minerals from the unwanted waste materials (gangue). This step
involves a range of techniques like gravity separation, flotation, magnetic separation, and leaching, each suited to different types of minerals and their properties.
CONCENTRATION
74
The goal is to produce a concentrated product enriched in valuable minerals, while minimizing
the amount of waste generated, leading to a more efficient and environmentally friendly process.
CONCENTRATION
75
removes excess water from the
concentrated mineral product. This step involves a combination of filtration and sedimentation processes to separate the solid minerals from the
water.
DEWATERING
76
its final stage typically involves drying the concentrated product, ensuring it is ready for further processing or direct use. This stage is crucial for minimizing transportation costs and ensuring the product's quality.
DEWATERING
77
Sustainability in Mining: Balancing
Resource Extraction and Environmental Protection
Responsible Mining Practices
Reclamation and Rehabilitation
Community Engagement
Circular Economy Principles
78
Sustainable mining prioritizes
responsible practices that minimize
environmental impacts, conserve
resources, and ensure the well-being of local communities. This involves implementing technologies and techniques that reduce waste
generation, minimize water
consumption, and enhance air quality.
Responsible Mining Practices
79
involves restoring mined land to a productive state, often through revegetation, soil restoration, and the creation of wildlife habitat.
RECLAMATION
80
efforts aim to mitigate the
environmental impacts of mining
and create a more sustainable
landscape.
REHABILITATION
81
Sustainable mining adopts circular
economy principles, promoting resource efficiency and minimizing waste. This involves recycling, reusing, and recovering materials from mine waste, reducing the need for new extraction
and promoting a more circular approach to resource management
Circular Economy Principles
82
Steel production, construction, transportation
IRON
83
Electrical wiring, plumbing, electronics
COPPER
84
Aerospace, automotive, packaging
ALUMINUM
85
Jewelry, electronics, dentistry
GOLD
86
Computer chips, solar panels, glass
SILICON
87
Batteries, electric vehicles, electronics
LITHIUM
88
________ Are the building blocks of our modern world. They provide the raw materials for countless products and technologies that we rely on daily. From the smartphones in our pockets to the buildings we live in, minerals are
MINERALS
89
BUILDING BLOCKS OF FOSSIL FUELS
1. ORGANIC MATTER
2. SEDIMENTATION
3. HEAT AND PRESSURE
4. TIME
90
remains of plants and animals that died millions of years ago
Fossil Fuels
91
Fossil fuels are the world’s primary energy source that provide most of the energy support in ______, _______, and _________.
transportation, electricity, and industries
92
- natural and finite resources that are very abundant
- cheaper cost production compare to other resources present on Earth
- non-renewable energy source
Fossil Fuels
93
Three Types of Fossil Fuels
1. Coal
2. Oil
3. Natural Gas
94
primary fossil fuel present on Earth
Coal
95
predominantly location of coal before being buried and compressed millions of years ago
Forest Trees, Plants and Marshes
96
Approximate percentage of Philippines that uses coal resource to produce energy and electricit
50%
97
Four major ranks of coal
1. Anthracite Coal
2. Bituminous Coal
3. Subbituminous Coal
4. Lignite / Brown Coal
98
Highest rank of coal
Anthracite Coal
99
hard, brittle, and black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal, containing a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter
Anthracite Coal
100
high heating value and is the most common type of coal used in electricity generation
Bituminous Coal
101
shiny and smooth at first glance, but when you look closely, you will see that it has layers
Bituminous Coal
102
black in color and dull, and has a higher heating value than lignite
Subbituminous Coal
103
also known as brown coal
Lignite
104
lowest grade coal with the least concentration of carbon
Lignite
105
organic material, mostly algae, which was buried in mud at the bottom of the sea and lakes
Oil
106
used mainly for the production of transportation fuels and petroleum-based products
Oil
107
Countries where Philippines imports Crude Oil and Petroleum 133 from
Saudi Arabia and Russia
108
Majority of Markets of oil in the Philippines
Petron Corporation
Pilipinas Shell
Chevron Philippines
109
naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas with the mixture of methane
Natural Gas
110
Earth’s cleanest fossil fuel and is odorless and colorless in its natural state
Natural Gas
111
Type of rock formation where natural gas are produced from by forcing chemicals, water, and sand down a well under high pressure
Sedimentary Rock Formation
112
Philippines' main domestic source of energy which is located at Palawan Island
Malampaya Natural Gas
113
HOW ARE FOSSIL FUELS FORMED?
1. COAL FORMATION
2. OIL FORMATION
3. NATURAL GAS FORMATION
114
ADVANTAGES OF FOSSIL FUELS
➢ High Energy Density
➢ Reliability
➢ Established Infrastructure:
➢ Economic Benefits
➢ Versatility
115
DISADVANTAGES OF FOSSIL FUELS
➢ Environmental Pollution
➢ Greenhouse Gas Emissions
➢ Non-Renewable
➢ Environmental Degradation
➢ Geopolitical Issues
➢ Health Risks
116
THE IMPORTANCE OF CONSERVATION
REDUCE CONSUMPTION
INVEST IN RENEWABLES
PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES
SUPPORT POLICY CHANGES
117
Individuals and businesses can make conscious choices to reduce their fossil fuel consumption, such
as driving less, using public transportation, and improving energy efficiency.
REDUCE CONSUMPTIONS
118
Investing in renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, can help reduce reliance on fossil fuels and contribute to a cleaner energy future.
INVEST IN RENEWABLES
119
Promoting sustainable practices, such as recycling and reducing waste, can help conserve resources and minimize environmental impact.
PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES
120
Advocating for policies that promote renewable energy, carbon pricing, and energy efficiency can create a more sustainable energy system.
SUPPORT POLICY CHANGES
121
type of energy that is dynamic, transferable and can be converted into useful forms
Heat
122
product of random motion of particles that are continuously colliding and vibrating
Heat
123
heat energy from the earth
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
124
heat from the earth’s core due to the slow decay of radioactive substances
Geothermal Energy
125
a source of supply, support, or aid, especially one that can be readily
drawn upon when needed
RESOURCES
126
one of the oldest and largest sources of renewable energy, which uses the natural flow of moving water to generate electricity.
HYDROELECTRIC POWER
127
“ability to do work, which is the ability to exert a force causing
displacement of an object.
ENERGY
128
a place where something is kept in store
RESERVOIRS
129
supply electrical power during a power outage and prevent
discontinuity of daily activities or disruption of business operations.
GENERATOR
130
heat generated beneath the ground
Geothermal Energy
131
The word geothermal comes
from the Greek words ______
(earth) and _______ (heat).
GEO
THERME
132
IS GEOTHERMAL RENEWABLE OR NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE?
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE because heat is continuously
produced inside the earth
133
USES OF GEOTHERMAL HEAT
BATHING
HEATING BUILDINGS
GENERATING ELECTRICITY
134
How does geothermal energy works
STEPS
1. Wells are drilled
2. the drop in pressure
causes the hot water to turn
into steam.
3. The steam spins a
turbine
4. steamcondenses back to the
water
5. The cooled water is
pumped back
135
Wells are drilled deep
into the earth to pump
steam or hot water in the
surface.
STEP 1
136
When the water reaches the
surface, the drop in pressure
causes the hot water to turn
into steam.
STEP 2
137
The steam spins a
turbine, which is connected to a generator that produces electricity.
STEP 3
138
The cooling tower cools the steam which condenses back to the water
STEP 4
139
The cooled water is pumped back into the Earth to begin the process
again
STEP 5
140
required miles to drill deep to pump steam or hot water into the surface
1 to 2 miles
141
if Geothermal is Ground as for Hydrothermal is ?
Water
142
Required temperature for Geothermal sources
300 F - 700 F
143
Earth's constant temperature below the ground
50F - 60F
144
Geothermal power plants
apply hydrothermal
resources that have both ______ and ________
water (hydro) and heat (thermal)
145
example of geothermal power plant in the Philippines
Malitbog Geothermal Power Plant
146
3 Basic types of Geothermal Power Plants
Dry Steam Plant
Flash Steam Plants
Binary Cycle Plants
147
sips directly hot steam beneath the ground through pipes to mobilize generator turbines
Dry Steam Plants
148
first geothermal power plant was built in
1904 in Tuscany, Italy
149
pipes high pressure hot water from geothermal reservoir and convert it into steam that turn generator turbines to produce electricity
Flash Steam Plants
150
When the steam cools, it condenses to water and is injected back into the ground to be used again. Most geothermal power plants are _______
FLASH STEAM PLANTS
151
has a system that transfers heat from hot water sipped miles deep to other liquid
Binary Cycle Plants
152
exceedingly high temperature from geothermal water changes the other liquid into steam to drive the generator turbines
Binary Cycle Plants
153
2 things that affect the efficiency of the power plant to generate electricity
Volume (density)
Steepness of the Slope (Gravity)
154
Does Geothermal heat pumps reduce the use of energy sources?
Yes because they do not burn fossil fuels to generate electricity
155
It is a method of generating electricity by harnessing the energy of moving or falling water.
HYDROELECTRIC POWER
156
It works by channeling water through a large pipe called a penstock, which directs the flow to a turbine. The force of the water turns the turbine’s blades, causing it to spin. This spinning motion drives a generator, which converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy.
HYDROELECTRIC POWER
157
EXAMPLES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
KALAYAAN
SAN ROQUE-AGNO
MAGAT
PULANGI IV
ANGAT MAIN
158
3 MAIN TYPES OF HYDRO PLANTS
Impoundment Facilities
Pumped Storage Facilities
Run-of-river Facilities
159
The most common technology which uses a dam to create a large reservoir of water. Electricity is made when water passes through turbines in the dam.
IMPOUNDMENT FACILITIES
160
Similar with Impound Facilities but have a second reservoir below the dam. Water can be pumped from the lower reservoir to the upper reservoir, storing energy for use later.
PUMPED STORAGE FACILITIES
161
It rely more on natural water flow rates, diverting just a portion of river water through turbines, sometimes without the use of a dam or reservoirs.
RUN-OF-RIVER FACILITIES
162
Since run-of-river hydro is subject to natural water variability, it is more intermittent than dammed hydro.
RUN-OF-RIVER FACILITIES
163
ADVANTAGES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWERPLANTS
RENEWABLE ENERGY
FLEXIBILITY
AFFORDABLE
OFFERS RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
CLEAN SOURCE OF ENERGY
164
DISADVANTAGES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWERPLANTS
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
HIGH INITIAL CAPITAL
RISK OF DROUGHT
