GEN BIO SUMMATIVE 1.2 Flashcards
Prokayotic and Eukaryotic Cells, Animal Tissue, Plant Tissue, Cell Modification
1
Q
Plant Cell Special Features
A
- CHLOROPLAST
- CELL WALL
2
Q
Animal Cell Special Features
A
-LYSOSOME
- CENTRIOLES
- CENTROSOME
3
Q
create and store usable energy through the process of photosynthesis
A
CHLOROPLAST
4
Q
provides the cell with rigid structure
A
CELL WALL
5
Q
used for the storage of water and some other materials
A
VACUOLE
6
Q
They usually have many small vacuoles
A
ANIMAL CELLS
7
Q
No nucleus
A
PROKARYOTIC CELL
8
Q
Few organelles (no membrane-bound organelles)
A
PROKARYOTIC CELL
9
Q
Small in size
A
PROKARYOTIC CELL
10
Q
has nucleus
A
EUKARYOTIC CELL
11
Q
Many membrane-bound organelles
A
EUKARYOTIC CELL
12
Q
Large in size
A
EUKARYOTIC CELL
13
Q
Humans, plants, fungi, etc.
A
EUKARYOTIC CELL
14
Q
TWO KINGDOMS OF PROKAYOTIC CELLS
A
- Archaebacteria (Archae)
- Eubacteria (Bacteria)
15
Q
4 Kingdoms of Eukaryotic cells
A
- PROTISTA
- FUNGI
- PLANTAE
- ANIMALIA
16
Q
A simple, single-celled (unicellular) organism that lacks a nucleus, or any other membranebound organelle.
A
PROKARYOTIC CELL
17
Q
This is where DNA is found in prokaryotic cells
A
NUCLEOID
18
Q
have flagella, pili, or fimbriae.
A
PROKARYOTIC CELL
19
Q
Long, whip-like appendages
A
FLAGELLA
20
Q
Primarily used for movement.
A
FLAGELLA
21
Q
Hair-like structures
A
PILI
22
Q
for attachment and genetic exchange (conjugation)-type of reproduction).
A
PILI
23
Q
bristle-like appearance.
A
FIMBRIAE
24
Q
used mainly for attachment to surfaces.
A
FIMBRIAE
25
they are simple
PROKARYOTES
26
basic structures of PROKARYOTES
* DNA
* Cell/plasma membrane
* Cell wall
* Ribosomes
27
Has a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound compartments or sacs, called organelles,
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
28
this means “true kernel” or “true
nucleus,” alluding to the presence of the membrane-bound nucleus in these cells.
EUKARYOTIC
29
"little organ"
ORGANELLE
30
more complex
EUKARYOTES
31
can be multicellular or
unicellular.
EUKARYOTES
32
contain many organelles
EUKARYOTES
33
Four common components of PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS
1. Plasma membrane
2. Cytoplasm
3. Deoxyribonucleic aid (DNA)
4. Ribosomes
34
At ______ μm in diameter, prokaryotic cells are significantly smaller than eukaryotic
cells, which have diameters ranging from 10–100 μm.
0.1-5.0
35
cell size is limited because volume increases much more quickly than does cell surface area.
TRUE
36
A group of cells with similar
structure, functions, and origin
working together
TISSUES
37
Animal Tissue has been classified based on the ______, ______ and ______ in the body
type of cell, function and location
38
Four Major Animal Tissue Types
1. EPITHELIAL TISSUE
2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
3. MUSCULAR TISSUE
4. NERVOUS TISSUE
39
This tissue has a free surface, which faces either a body fluid or the outside environment
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
40
provides a covering or a lining for some part of the body
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
41
Type of tissue that forms the outer layer of the body and lines internal organs
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
42
Acts as a protective barrier, helps in ABSORPTION, SECRETION, and SENSATION
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
43
EPITHELIAL TISSUE Examples
Skin, Lining of the mouth and nose, lining of digestive system
44
form glands
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
45
The cells of the tissue are
closely connected to each other
via cellular junctions
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
46
Two Distinct Surfaces of Epithelial Tissue
1. Apical surface
2. Basal surface
47
is exposed to the body cavity or
exterior
APICAL SURFACE
48
is adjacent to the underlying tissue.
BASAL TISSUE
49
Two types of Epithelial Tissues
1. SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
2. COMPOUND EPITHELIUM
50
is composed of a single layer of cells and functions as a lining for body cavities, ducts, and tubes
SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
51
consists of two or more cell layers and has protective function as it does in our skin.
COMPOUND EPITHELIUM
52
Six Types of Simple Epithelial
1. Simple Squamous Epithelium
2. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
3. Simple Cuboidal Ciliated
4. Simple Columnar Epithelium
5. Simple Columnar Ciliated
6. Pseudo-stratified Columnar
53
plate like cells
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
54
for exchange of material through diffusion
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
55
commonly found in capillaries, blood vessels
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
56
- lines the air sacs of lungs and glomerulus of kidney - helps filter blood from urine
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
57
shape like dice
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
58
relatively large amount of cytoplasm
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
59
for secretion and absorption
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
60
commonly found in ducts of glands and tubular parts of nephrons and kidney
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
61
lines the thyroid follicles, ovaries, testis
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
62
- alike with one simple epithelial but with added cilia
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL CILIATED
63
lines the terminal bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL CILIATED
64
brick-shaped cells
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
65
for secretion and active absorption
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
66
lines the stomach, small and large intestine, rectum, gall bladder, cervix and ejaculatory duct
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
67
If the columnar or cuboidal cells bear cilia on the free surface they are called _______
Ciliated Epithelium
68
Their function is to move particles or mucus in a specific direction over the epithelium
Ciliated Epithelium
69
They are mainly present in the inner surface of hollow organs like bronchioles and fallopian tubes
Ciliated Epithelium
70
it lines both the fallopian tube and endometrium of the uterus
SIMPLE COLUMNAR CILIATED
71
may look stacked and usually with cilia
PSEUDO-STRATIFIED COLUMNAR
72
lines the respiratory tract
PSEUDO-STRATIFIED COLUMNAR
73
a term that means tiny hair-like structures on the surface of the cells
CILIA
74
2 Types of Compound Epithelial
1. Stratified Squamous, non keratinized
2. Stratified Squamous, keratinized
75
surface cells are moist and are not hardened by keratin
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS, NON KERATINIZED
76
it regenerates quickly
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS, NON KERATINIZED
77
for protection against abrasion and friction
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS, NON KERATINIZED
78
lines the esophagus, oropharynx, larynx, cervix, vagina, and urinary meatus
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS, NON KERATINIZED
79
In the esophagus, this tissue helps protect the underlying tissues from the wear and tear caused by the passage of food and liquids.
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS, NON KERATINIZED
80
a type of compound epithelial that has a layer of keratin and is superficial layer of the skin
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS, KERATINIZED
81
can be found in dorsum of the tongue, hard palate
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS, KERATINIZED
82
It is a tough, protective protein, which makes the surface dry and resistant to abrasion and water loss
KERATIN
83
5 Types of Connective Tissue
1. Loose Connective Tissue
2. Fibrous Connective Tissue
3. Cartilage
4. Bone
5. Blood
84
They are all characterized by the presence of extracellular matrix.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
85
nonliving material composed
of protein fibers and ground substance
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
86
composition of protein fibers
COLLAGEN OR ELASTIN
87
holds organs in place
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
88
Attach epithelial tissue to underlying tissue
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
89
surrounded by blood vessels, nerves, muscles and tendons
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
90
beneath the dermis
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
91
made up of collagenous
fibers found in tendons and ligaments
FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
92
consists of collagen known to provide strength and stability
FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
93
examples are ligaments and tendons
FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
94
a firm matrix with abundant collagen fibers
CARTILAGE
95
provide structural support and cushioning properties
CARTILAGE
96
found in rib cage, nose, trachea and end of long bones
CARTILAGE
97
it forms the skeletal system
BONE
98
Provides structural support protection and mineral storage
BONE
99
Found in arms, shoulder, hips, and legs
BONE
100
made up of plasma and examples are WBC, RBC, and platelets
BLOOD
101
3 Types of Muscle Tissue
1. Skeletal Muscle Tissue
2. Cardiac Muscle Tissue
3. Smooth Muscle Tissue
102
composed of long cells specialized for contraction and contains the contractile proteins action ad myosin
MUSCLE TISSUE
103
Long, Cylindrical Cells with Striations (Stripped Appearance) and multiple nuclei
SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE
104
functions as voluntary and found on bones throughout the body
SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE
105
Branched cells with a single nucleus per cell, striations
CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE
106
functions as involuntary and located only in heart
CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE
107
spindle-shaped cells with no striations and single nucleus
SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
108
functions as involuntary and located in walls of hollow organs like the stomach, intestines, blood vessels and bladder
SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
109
a tissue that is composed neurons and glial cells
NERVE TISSUE
110
Neurons communicate with each other via ...
ELECTRICAL AND CHEMICAL SIGNALS
111
2 Types of Elongated Cellular Processes
DENDRITES/SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION AND AXONS/AXONAL CONDUCTION (action potential propagation)
112
A type of Elongated Cellular Process that receives the signals
DENDRITES
113
A type of Elongated Cellular Process that sends the signals
AXONS
114
2 General Types where Plant Tissue falls into
MERISTEMATIC TISSUE AND PERMANENT (OR NON-MERISTEMATIC) TISSUE
115
Tissue found in the growing region of a plant
MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
116
location of cells of meristematic tissue which are plants regions of continuous cell division and growth
MERISTEMS
117
3 Kinds of Meristematic Tissue
1. Apical Meristems
2. Lateral Meristems
3. Intercalary Meristems
118
found in the root and shoot tips that increases the length and extend upwards and downwards
APICAL MERISTEMS
119
present laterally in non-flowering plants and dicotyledonous plants
LATERAL MERISTEMS
120
Due to their division, the root and stem grow in thickness or girth
LATERAL MERISTEMS
121
found in vascular and cork cambium
LATERAL MERISTEMS
122
found in between permanent tissue and monocotyledonous stem
INTERCALARY MERISTEM
123
at the bases of leaf blades and at nodes; enables the monocot lead blade to increase in length
INTERCALARY MERISTEM
124
Tissues formed from meristematic tissue slowly mature, have lost the ability of division, and get differentiated.
PERMANENT TISSUE
125
3 Types of Permanent Tissue
1. Simple Tissue
2. Complex Tissue
3. Special Tissue
126
made up of a single cell type and found in the soft part of a leaf flower, fruits and inner stem.
SIMPLE TISSUE (PRIMARY TISSUE)
127
3 Types of Simple Permanent Tissue
1. Parenchyma
2. Collenchyma
3. Sclerenchyma
128
cell is thin-walled
PARENCHYMA
129
spherical oval
PARENCHYMA
130
cells are living and have large
vacuoles in their cytoplasm
PARENCHYMA
131
has numerous chloroplast called
chlorenchyma
PARENCHYMA
132
Aerenchyma large spaces which
stores gases.
PARENCHYMA
133
Functions of Parenchyma
1. Repair
2. Photosynthesis
3. Storage
134
Tissue usually found in the stem
COLLENCHYMA
135
Cells of these tissues looks
elongated or cubical, thickwalled.
COLLENCHYMA
136
chloroplast is less in the cells
COLLENCHYMA
137
Functions of Collenchyma
1. MECHANICAL SUPPORT
2. ELASTICITY
3. STRENGTH
4. FLEXIBILITY
138
are dead tissues, very hard and
rigid in texture.
SCLERENCHYMA
139
thick-walled with various size
and shapes.
SCLERENCHYMA
140
Functions of Sclerenchyma
1. MECHANICAL SUPPORT
2. RIGIDITY
3. AIDS IN WATER AND FOOD TRANSPORT
4. PROTECTION
141
made up of various types of cells
COMPLEX TISSUE (CONDUCTING TISSUE)
142
structure is different but individually they collect together to perform similar function
COMPLEX TISSUE (CONDUCTING TISSUE)
143
Two Classfications of COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE
1. XYLEM
2. PLOEM
144
certain tissues get modified to secret some substances
SPECIAL TISSUE
145
Two types of SPECIAL PERMANENT TISSUE
1. GLANDULAR TISSUE
2. LATICIFEROUS TISSUE
146
have different types of glands that have secretory or excretory products in them; the gland is situated on the epidermis
GLANDULAR TISSUE
147
Tissues with long, thin walled and branched cells that produce white milk secretion called _______
LATICIFEROUS TISSUE, LATEX
148
Transport food and water internally throughout the plant.
VASCULAR TISSUE
149
Vascular tissue is composed of complex tissue:
1. XYLEM
2. PLOEM
150
carries water and minerals from roots to other parts of the plant and composed of dead cells
XYLEM
151
transports food and organic nutrients from leaves to
other parts of the plant and is composed of living cells
PLOEM
152
occurs after cell division where the newly formed cells are structurally
modified
CELL MODIFICATION
153
makes it different from another type of cell
CELL MODIFICATION
154
Why cell modification occur?
to be able to carry out their tasks efficiently
155
3 KINDS OF CELL MODIFICATION
APICAL MODIFICATION
BASAL MODIFICATION
LATERAL MODIFICATION
156
refer to specialized structures or features present at the apical (top) surface
APICAL MODIFICATION
157
These modifications are adaptations that enhance the cell’s ability to carry out specific functions, such as
ABSORPTION, SECRETION, MOVEMENT AND PROTECTION
158
5 types of apical modification
1. FLAGELLA
2. CILIA
3. MICROVILLI
4. PSEUDOPODIA
5. STEREOCILIA
159
whip-like appendages
that protrude from the cell
surface
FLAGELLA
160
used for locomotion
FLAGELLA
161
also often functions as a sensory
organelle
FLAGELLA
162
meaning of the word flagellum in Latin
whip just like the whipping motion
163
Eukaryotes have true flagellum, almost half the human population produces cells with them in the form of _______
SPERM
164
only cell in the human body with
flagellum
SPERM
165
microscopic cellular membrane protrusions that increase the surface area for diffusion
MICROVILLI
166
Functions of MICROVILLI
ABSORPTION
SECRETION
CELLULAR ADHESION
MECHANOTRANSDUCTION
167
tiny little projections that exist in, on, and around cells.
MICROVILLI
168
fingerlike extensions
VILLI
169
In the intestine, they work in conjunction with villi to _______ more nutrients and more material because they expand the surface area of the intestine
ABSORB
170
short hair like structures or projections, motile, function for movement
CILIA
171
They are primarily responsible for locomotion, either of the cell itself or of fluids on the cell surface
CILIA
172
involved in mechanoreception
CILIA
173
are protzoans that possess cilia which they use for both locomotion and feeding
CILIATES
174
Two categories of cilia
MOTILE CILIA AND NON-MOTILE CILIA
175
always moving
in a single direction.
MOTILE CILIA
176
responsible for sensing the surrounding environment. They are also called primary cilia
NON-MOTILE CILIA
177
made up of microtubules coated in
plasma membrane
CILIUM (singular for cilia)
178
False feet, arm-like projections
PSEUDOPODIA
179
Bulge outward to move the cell or engulf a prey
PSUEDOPODIA
180
functions of Psuedopodia
MOTILITY AND INGESTION
181
Long microvilli that function in increasing absorption. It is non-motile and found in sensory cells in ear and male reproductive
tract
STEREOCILIA
182
Cell modification found on the basal surface of the cell.
BASAL MODIFICATION
183
2 types of basal modification
1. HEMIDESMOSOMES
2. BASAL INFOLDINGS
184
Provide strong adhesion
between adjacent epithelial cells
HEMIDESMOSOMES
185
facilitate the stable adhesion of basal epithelial cells
HEMIDESMOSOMES
186
refer to specialized structures found on the lateral (side) surfaces of these cells that facilitate cell-cell interactions and contribute to tissue integrity.
LATERAL MODIFICATION
187
3 TYPES OF LATERAL MODIFICATION
1. ADHERING JUNCTION
2. TIGHT JUNCTION
3. GAP JUNCTION
188
Anchoring junction on the lateral surface of the cell
ADHERING JUNCTION
189
Fasten cells to one another
ADHERING JUNCTION
190
contain actin and intermediate
filaments and maintain integrity of the cell to better bind
ADHERING JUNCTION
191
Act as barriers that regulate the movement of water and solutes
Tight Junctions (Zonula Occludens)
192
preventing diffusion of water soluble molecules
Tight Junctions (Zonula Occludens)
193
Important in cell communication as it permits the free of passage ions and small molecules
GAP JUNCTIONS
