Elbow, Cubital Fossa, Forearm

Question 1

What are the three bony articulations of the elbow joint?

Answer 1

1. Trochlear notch of ulna and trochlea of humerus
2. Head of radius and capitulum of humerus
3. Head of radius and radial notch of ulna (proximal radio-ulnar joint)

Question 2

What does the radial collateral ligament connect? What forces does it resist?

Answer 2

Connects lateral radius and humerus

Resists forces from midline (varus)

Question 3

What does the ulnar collateral ligament connect and what forces does it resist?

Answer 3

Connects medial ulnar with humerus

Resists forces toward the midline (valgus)

Question 4

What function does the anular ligament serve?

Answer 4

Wraps radial head and keeps it in place

Radial head can be pulled distally as a child

Question 5

Which artery splits into the radial and ulnar arteries in the cubital fossa?

Answer 5

Brachial artery

Question 6

What artery anastomoses with the superior ulnar collateral artery?

Answer 6

Posterior ulnar recurrent artery

Question 7

What artery anastomoses with the inferior ulnar collateral artery?

Answer 7

Anterior ulnar recurrent artery

Question 8

What artery anastomoses with the radial collateral artery?

Answer 8

Radial recurrent artery

Question 9

Which artery anastomoses with the middle collateral artery?

Answer 9

Recurrent interosseus artery

Question 10

What are the medial and lateral boundaries for the cubital fossa?

Answer 10

Medial: pronator teres muscle
Lateral: brachioradialis
Deep: brachialis muscle

Question 11

What goes through the cubital fossa? (Lateral to medial)

Answer 11

TAN

Tendon of biceps brachii
brachial Artery
median Nerve

Question 12

What is the only major structure transmitted through the elbow that passes posteriorly?

Answer 12

Ulnar nerve

Question 13

What are the two major superficial veins in the forearm and what vein connects them at the cubital fossa?

Answer 13

Medial: basilic vein
Lateral: cephalic vein

Median cubital vein connects them

Question 14

What are the two cutaneous nerves of the anterior forearm?

Answer 14

Medial cutaneous nerve: direct branch from brachial plexus

Lateral cutaneous nerve: continuation of musculocutaneous nerve

Question 15

What structure serves as protection for the brachial artery and median nerve in the cubital fossa?

Answer 15

Bicipital aponeurosis

Question 16

T/F: The anterior component of the forearm will flex the wrist, flex the digits, and supinate the hand.

Answer 16

FALSE

Anterior pronates the hand!

Question 17

Distal radio-ulnar joint connects which bony features?

Answer 17

Ulnar notch of radius and head of ulna

Question 18

What is the membrane connecting the radius and ulna, therefore separating the anterior and posterior components of the forearm?

Answer 18

Interosseous membrane

Question 19

T/F: The anterior forearm has three layers of muscles, while the posterior forearm has two layers of muscles.

Answer 19

TRUE

Question 20

All muscles of the anterior forearm are innervated by the median nerve except…

Answer 20

Flexor carpi ulnaris: ulnar nerve

Medial half of flexor digitorum profundus: digits 4 and 5 innervated by ulnar nerve

Question 21

The four superficial anterior forearm muscles from lateral (index) to medial (pinky)?

Answer 21

Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris

Question 22

What is the action of the pronator teres?

Answer 22

Pronate the forearm

Question 23

What is the action of the flexor carpi radialis?

Answer 23

Flexion and abduction of the wrist

Question 24

What is the function of palmaris longus?

Answer 24

Flex wrist and tense aponeurosis in the hand

Very thin; may be absent

Question 25

What is the action of the flexor carpi ulnaris?

Answer 25

Flex and adduct wrist ULNAR NERVE

Question 26

What muscle constitutes the intermediate layer of the anterior forearm? Action?

Answer 26

Flexor digitorum superficialis: large muscle, tendon goes through carpel tunnel to digits 2-5 A: flexion of PIPs (proximal) and MPs of digits 2-5

Question 27

What are the three muscles of the deep layer of the anterior forearm?

Answer 27

Flexor digitorum profundus Flexor pollicis longus Pronator quadratus

Question 28

What is the function of flexor digitorum profundus?

Answer 28

Goes under split tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis at the digits to attach to DIPs (distal) A: flexion of DIPs and MPs digits 2-5 ULNAR NERVE for digits 4-5

Question 29

What is the action of flexor pollicis longus?

Answer 29

Flex the thumb

Question 30

Pronator quadratus?

Answer 30

Odd looking muscle at wrist Pronates the forearm

Question 31

What passes through the carpel tunnel?

Answer 31

Tendons from flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, and median nerve

Question 32

Brachioradialis?

Answer 32

OI: Connects lateral humerus to distal radius A: accessory flexor at elbow N: radial nerve

Question 33

Anconeus?

Answer 33

OI: shorter and goes laterally connecting lateral humerus to ulna A: accessory extensor at elbow N: radial nerve

Question 34

Extensor carpi radialis longus?

Answer 34

OI: most lateral and goes to 2nd metacarpal A: extends and abducts wrist N: radial nerve

Question 35

Extensor carpi radialis brevis?

Answer 35

OI: 2nd most lateral and goes to 3rd metacarpal A: extends and abducts wrist N: radial nerve

Question 36

Extensor digitorum?

Answer 36

OI: most prominent muscle; sends tendons to digits 2-5 A: extends digits 2-5 N: radial nerve

Question 37

Extensor digiti minimi?

Answer 37

OI: just medial to extensor digitorum; sends tendon to digit 5 A: extend digit 5 N: radial nerve

Question 38

Extensor carpi ulnaris?

Answer 38

OI: most medial muscle; goes to base of 5th metacarpal A: extend and adduct wrist N: radial nerve

Question 39

Supinator?

Answer 39

OI: two heads wrap around radius near the elbow A: supination N: radial nerve

Question 40

What are the three deep muscles that emerge between the extensor digitorum and the extensor carpi radialis brevis? (Lateral to medial)

Answer 40

Abducter pollicis longus: goes to wrist; abducts thumb Extensor pollicis brevis: goes to proximal thumb; extends proximal thumb Extensor pollicis longus: goes to distal thumb; extends whole thumb

Question 41

Extensor indicis?

Answer 41

OI: deep muscle deep to extensor digitorum; tendon goes to 2nd digit A: extends index finger N: radial nerve