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Top 1 march 2024 > Elsevier HEMA > Flashcards

Elsevier HEMA Flashcards

1
Q

A physician wants to obtain a measure of a patient’s iron stores. Which of the following tests would be the most suitable?

a. Serum iron
b. Serum transferrin (TIBC)
c. Serum ferritin
d. Transferrin saturation

A

c. Serum ferritin

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2
Q

A 68-year-old woman visited her physician with reports of fatigue and weakness. A CBC was ordered, and the patient’s results were as follows:
RBC: 2.50x1012/L
Hgb: 6.2 g/dL
Hct: 18.8%
MCV: 75.2 fL
MCH: 24.8 pg
MCHC: 33%
Which of the following would be a plausible diagnosis for this patient?

a. Iron-deficiency anemia
b. Vitamin B12 deficiency
c. Anemia of chronic inflammation
d. Hemochromatosis

A

a. Iron-deficiency anemia

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3
Q

A peripheral smear shows a decreased RBC count with microcytic, hypochromic cells with small grape- like inclusions in the RBCs on both Wright stain and Prussian blue stain. This is consistent with:

a. Iron-deficiency anemia
b. Sideroblastic anemia
c. Pernicious anemia
d. B-Thalassemia minor

A

b. Sideroblastic anemia

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4
Q

Given the following results of iron studies which disorder is the most likely?
Low Serum iron
Low Ferritin
High TIBC
Low % Saturation

a. Iron-deficiency anemia
b. Sideroblastic anemia
c. Anemia of chronic inflammation
d. Hemochromatosis

A

a. Iron-deficiency anemia

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5
Q

Acquired sideroblastic anemia may be present in all of the following except:

a. Alcoholism
b. Lead poisoning
c. Malabsorption
d. Myelodysplastic syndromes

A

c. Malabsorption

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6
Q

A patient has a macrocytic anemia, and the physician suspects pernicious anemia. Which test would best rule in a definitive diagnosis of pernicious anemia?

a. Homocysteine
b. Intrinsic factor antibodies
c. Ova and parasite examination for D. latum
d. Bone marrow examination

A

b. Intrinsic factor antibodies

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7
Q

Megaloblastic anemias result from which of the following?

a. Deficiencies in free erythrocyte protoporphyrin
b. Deficiencies in Vitamin B12 and folic acid
c. Increases in iron and hepcidin
d. Decreases in liver function

A

b. Deficiencies in Vitamin B12 and folic acid

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8
Q

A patient’s bone marrow showed erythroid hyperplasia with signs of dysplastic maturation, particularly in the RBC precursors. This is consistent with which of the following?

a. Sickle cell anemia
b. B-Thalassemia major
c. Pernicious anemia
d. G6PD deficiency

A

c. Pernicious anemia

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9
Q

The CBC for a 57-year-old man had the following results. Which tests would be best to order next?
RBC 2.50 x1012/L
Hgb 8.5 g/dL
Hct 26.0%
MCV 104 fL
MCH 34 pg
MCHC 33%

a. Iron studies
b. Vitamin B12 and folic acid levels
c. Bone marrow examination
d. Intrinsic factor antibodies

A

b. Vitamin B12 and folic acid levels

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10
Q

The majority of acquired aplastic anemia cases usually results from which of the following?

a. Unknown causes
b. Pregnancy
c. Chloramphenicol exposure
d. Radiation exposure

A

a. Unknown causes

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11
Q

Which of the following values is the most likely to be normal in a patient with aplastic anemia?

a. RBC count
b. Absolute neutrophil count
c. Absolute lymphocyte count
d. Platelet count

A

c. Absolute lymphocyte count

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12
Q

Fanconi’s anemia is an inherited aplastic anemia with mutations that lead to:

a. Increased chromosome fragility
b. Myelophthisic anemia
c. Pancreatic issues
d. RBC enzymatic defects

A

a. Increased chromosome fragility

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13
Q

Which of the following is decreased in cases of intravascular hemolytic anemia?

a. Bilirubin
b. Urine hemosiderin
c. Haptoglobin
d. Plasma hemoglobin

A

c. Haptoglobin

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14
Q

Typical CBC findings in hemolytic anemia include:

a. Microcytic, hypochromic cells with increased poikilocytosis
b. Macrocytic, normochromic cells with increased polychromasia
c. Microcytic, normochromic cells with increased poikilocytosis
d. Macrocytic, hypochromic cells with increased polychromasia

A

b. Macrocytic, normochromic cells with increased polychromasia

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15
Q

Which of the following disorders does not have a hemolytic component?

a. Sickle cell anemia
b. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
c. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
d. Anemia of chronic disease

A

d. Anemia of chronic disease

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16
Q

A patient presents with evidence of a hemolytic anemia. Spherocytes, polychromasia, and macrocytosis are observed. Which of the following would best help to distinguish the cause of the anemia?

a. Osmotic fragility
b. DAT
c. G6PD activity assay
d. Vitamin B12 level

A

b. DAT

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17
Q

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is characterized by flow cytometry results that are:

a. Negative for CD55 and CD59
b. Positive for CD55 and CD59
c. Negative for CD4 and CD8
d. Positive for all normal CD markers

A

a. Negative for CD55 and CD59

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18
Q

G6PD deficiency episodes are related to which of the following?

a. Exposure to oxidant damage
b. Defective globin chains
c. Antibodies to RBCs
d. Abnormal protein structures

A

a. Exposure to oxidant damage

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19
Q

Which of the following disorders is not classified as a microangiopathic hemolytic anemia?

a. Disseminated intravascular coagulation
b. Hemolytic uremic syndrome
c. Traumatic cardiac hemolytic anemia
d. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

A

c. Traumatic cardiac hemolytic anemia

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20
Q

A previously healthy 36-year-old woman with visited her physician because of a sudden onset of easy
bruising and bleeding. Of the following, which is the most likely cause of her laboratory results?

WBC: 10.5x109/L
RBC: 3.00x1012/L
Hgb: 8.0 g/dL
Hct: 25.0%
MCV: 83 fL
MCH: 26 pg
MCHC: 32%
Platelets: 18x109/L
Differential: Normal WBCs with moderate schistocytes and polychromasia
PT: 12.8 seconds
aPTT: 34 seconds

a. Sickle cell anemia
b. Chronic myelogenous leukemia
c. Disseminated intravascular coagulation
d. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

A

d. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

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21
Q

Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia is usually caused by which of the following?

a. IgA antibodies
b. IgG antibodies
c. IgM antibodies
d. Complement

A

b. IgG antibodies

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22
Q

Which of the following conditions is not associated with secondary warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia?

a. CLL
b. Idiopathic onset
c. Rheumatoid arthritis
d. Viral infections

A

b. Idiopathic onset

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23
Q

The mutation seen in sickle cell anemia is:

a. B6Glu—Val
b. B6Glu—Lys
c. B26Glu—Lys
d. B63Glu—Arg

A

a. B6Glu—Val

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24
Q

The majority of hospitalizations associated with sickle cell anemia are due to:

a. Cardiomegaly
b. Cholelithiasis
c. Pneumonia
d. Vasoocclusion

A

d. Vasoocclusion

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25
Q

Patients with sickle cell trait usually have RBC morphology that includes which of the following?

a. Normocytic, normochromic RBCs with occasional target cells
b. Normocytic, normochromic RBCs with rare sickle cells
c. Hypochromic, microcytic RBCs with moderate target cells
d. Macrocytic, normochromic cells with occasional NRBCs

A

a. Normocytic, normochromic RBCs with occasional target cells

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26
Q

Which laboratory test is best used for definitive diagnosis of sickle cell anemia?

a. Solubility testing
b. Hemoglobin electrophoresis
c. Peripheral smear review for sickle cells
d. Bone marrow analysis

A

b. Hemoglobin electrophoresis

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27
Q

A peripheral smear review shows mildly anemic sample with target cells and oblong hexagonal crystalloids. What is a possible identity for the crystalloids?

a. Hemoglobin S
b. Hemoglobin C
c. Hemoglobin SC
d. Hemoglobin E

A

b. Hemoglobin C

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28
Q

An 18-year-old man has a CBC done when visiting his physician for a persistent sore throat. He has
the following results:
WBC: 12.5x109/L
RBC: 6.00x1012/L
Hgb: 10.0 g/dL
Hct: 30.0%
MCV: 60 fL
MCH: 20 pg
MCHC: 33%
Platelets: 218x109/L
Which of the following is most likely?

a. This patient is normal with a slightly elevated WBC count because of his sore throat
b. This patient has infectious mononucleosis and warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia
c. This patient is likely to have B-thalassemia minor
d. There is a specimen quality issue because of a cold agglutinin

A

c. This patient is likely to have B-thalassemia minor

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29
Q

Hemoglobin H disease is described as:

a. - -/- a
b. - a/- a
c. - -/B B
d. - B/- B

A

a. - -/- a

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30
Q

A 3-year-old female patient is seen in the hematology clinic to investigate the cause of her persistent ane- mia. Hemoglobin electrophoresis was ordered, and results showed an elevation in Hgb F, with a small increase in Hgb A2. What is the most likely disorder based on these results?

a. a-Thalassemia major
b. B-Thalassemia major
c. a-Thalassemia minor
d. Hemoglobin H disease

A

b. B-Thalassemia major

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31
Q

A 36-year-old male patient has a CBC performed as part of a routine work physical. The WBC count was 6.5x10^9/L with a differential count of 48% neutrophils, 40% lymphocytes, 8% monocytes, 3% eosinophils, and 1% basophils. The majority of the neutrophils were mature but hyposegmented, showing bandlike or single nuclei. What disorder would be suspected?

a. Alder-Reilly anomaly
b. Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
c. Pelger-Huet anomaly
d. Reed Sternberg syndrome

A

c. Pelger-Huet anomaly

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32
Q

A 38-year-old male patient has the following CBC results:
WBC: 32.5x109/L
RBC: 5.5x1012/L
Hgb: 16.0 g/dL
Hct: 48.0%
Platelet: 225x109/L
Differential: 49% segmented neutrophils, 9% bands, 25%
lymphocytes, 9% monocytes, 1%
eosinophils, 4% metamyelocytes, 3% myelocytes; RBC and platelet morphology appear normal

Which of the following conditions is the most likely cause of these results?

a. Bacterial infection
b. CML
c. Refractory anemia
d. Viral infection

A

a. Bacterial infection

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33
Q

Which of the following cytochemical stains is best used to distinguish cells of monocytic origin?

a. a-Naphthyl acetate esterase
b. Naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase
c. Myeloperoxidase
d. Periodic acid–Schiff

A

a. a-Naphthyl acetate esterase

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34
Q

A positive tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) stain is indicative of:

a. Burkitt’s lymphoma
b. Chronic myelogenous leukemia
c. Hairy cell leukemia
d. Multiple myeloma

A

c. Hairy cell leukemia

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35
Q

Which mutation is shared by a large percentage of patients with polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis?

a. BCR/ABL
b. JAK2 V617F
c. PDGFR
d. RUNX1

A

b. JAK2 V617F

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36
Q

A patient has a CBC and peripheral smear with an elevated WBC count and left shift, suggestive of a diagnosis of CML. Which of the following tests would be the most helpful in confirming the suspected diagnosis?

a. Cytochemical staining for myeloperoxidase and LAP
b. Karyotyping for the Philadelphia chromosome
c. Flow cytometry for myeloid cell markers
d. Lymph node biopsies for metastasis

A

b. Karyotyping for the Philadelphia chromosome

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37
Q

A patient has a splenomegaly, and his CBC shows a left shift; bizarre RBCs, including dacryocytes; and notable platelet abnormalities. Which of the following would be the most helpful in determining the patient’s diagnosis?

a. Bone marrow biopsy
b. LAP staining
c. Karyotyping for the Philadelphia chromosome
d. Spleen biopsy

A

a. Bone marrow biopsy

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38
Q

Which of the following peripheral blood findings would not be expected in a patient with a myelodysplastic syndrome?

a. Hypogranular neutrophils
b. Binucleate neutrophils and NRBCs
c. Circulating micromegakaryocytes
d. Decreased vitamin B12 and folic acid

A

d. Decreased vitamin B12 and folic acid

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39
Q

The WHO system classifies this disorder as a Myeloproliferative/
Myelodysplastic syndrome.

a. Refractory Anemia with Ringed Sideroblasts
b. 5q-Syndrome
c. Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia
d. Refractory Anemia with Multilineage Dysplasia

A

c. Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia

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40
Q

A 4-year-old male patient presents with a slightly elevated WBC count, and occasional blasts are present on the differential. Flow cytometry is performed with the following results: CD10(+), CD19 (+), CD22(+), CD79a(+), TdT(+). Which of the following diagnoses is the most likely?

a. Intermediate B-cell ALL
b. Pre–B-cell ALL
c. T-cell ALL
d. Pre–T-cell ALL

A

a. Intermediate B-cell ALL

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41
Q

Which of the following may predict a better prognosis in patients with ALL?

a. The patient is a child
b. Peripheral blood blast counts greater than 30x109/L
c. The Philadelphia chromosome is present
d. The patient is hypodiploid

A

a. The patient is a child

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42
Q

A 28-year-old female patient presented to the emergency department with symptoms suggestive of DIC. A CBC and coagulation studies were ordered. The peripheral smear showed blasts and immature cells with heavy granulation and Auer rods. Which of the following disorders would be the most likely?

a. AML with t(9;11)(p22;q23); MLLT3-MLL
b. AML with t(15;17)(q22;q12); PML-RARa
c. ALL with t(12;21)(p13;q22); ETV6-RUNX1
d. ALL with t(9;22)(q34;q11.2); BCR-ABL1

A

b. AML with t(15;17)(q22;q12); PML-RARa

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43
Q

A patient presents with an elevated WBC count, increased monocytes, and blasts present on the differential. Flow cytometry is performed with the following results: CD4+, CD11b+, CD11c+, CD13+, CD14+, CD33+, CD36+, CD64+. Which of the following diagnoses is the most likely?

a. AML with minimal differentiation
b. AML with maturation
c. Acute myelomonocytic leukemia
d. Acute monoblastic leukemia

A

c. Acute myelomonocytic leukemia

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44
Q

A 75-year-old male patient visits his physician for an annual checkup. His CBC showed an elevated WBC count with numerous small lymphocytes and smudge cells, and a subsequent bone marrow biopsy and aspirate showed hypercellularity with increased lymphoid cells. What is a presumptive diagnosis based on this information?

a. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
b. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small cell lymphocytic lymphoma
c. Hairy cell leukemia
d. Therapy-related acute myelogenous leukemia

A

b. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small cell lymphocytic lymphoma

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45
Q

Which of the following is not considered a disorder of plasma cells?

a. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
b. Multiple myeloma
c. Sezary syndrome
d. Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia

A

c. Sezary syndrome

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46
Q

Which of the following sets of CD markers are associated with T lymphocytes?

a. CD2, CD3, CD4
b. CD13, CD14, CD15
c. CD19, CD20, CD22
d. CD34, CD71, CD117

A

a. CD2, CD3, CD4

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47
Q

Bone marrow cellularity is most often estimated by examining which of the following?

a. Aspirate
b. Buffy coat
c. Core biopsy
d. Crush preparations

A

c. Core biopsy

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48
Q

A dry tap may be seen in bone marrow aspirations in all of the following conditions except:

a. Aplastic anemia
b. Hairy cell leukemia
c. Multiple myeloma
d. Primary myelofibrosis

A

c. Multiple myeloma

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49
Q

The largest hematopoietic cells present in the bone marrow are:

a. Lymphoblasts
b. Megakaryocytes
c. Osteoblasts
d. Pronormoblasts

A

b. Megakaryocytes

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50
Q

Hemoglobin A contains which of the following configurations of globin chains?

a. a2B2
b. a2d2
c. a2y2
d. a2e2

A

a. a2B2

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51
Q

Which of the following locations is not a site of extra- medullary hematopoiesis?

a. Bone marrow
b. Liver
c. Spleen
d. Thymus

A

a. Bone marrow

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52
Q

Patients with renal failure often exhibit compromised hematopoietic activity because of which of the following?

a. Concurrent depression of thyroid hormones
b. Decreased production of erythropoietin
c. Decreased production of GM-CSF
d. Bone marrow suppression caused by medications

A

b. Decreased production of erythropoietin

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53
Q

Which of the following best describes the function of the Rapoport-Luebering pathway?

a. It produces ATP to help maintain RBC membrane deformability
b. It results in the reduction of glutathione
c. It produces 2,3 diphosphoglycerate
(2,3 DPG)
d. It produces cytochrome b reductase

A

c. It produces 2,3 diphosphoglycerate
(2,3 DPG)

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54
Q

A 3-year-old male patient visits the pediatrician for a well-child checkup and routine CBC. He has a total WBC count of 5.0x109/L, RBC count of 3.8x1012/L, and platelet count of 225 x109/L. The differential showed 25% segmented neutrophils, 62% lymphocytes, 10% monocytes, and 3% eosinophils. This patient is likely:

a. A normal child
b. Suffering from an acute bacterial infection
c. Immunosuppressed
d. A patient with leukemia

A

a. A normal child

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55
Q

Which of the following cell types exhibit IgE receptors on their surface membranes?

a. Basophils
b. Eosinophils
c. Band neutrophils
d. Monocytes

A

a. Basophils

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56
Q

A 62-year-old female patient’s CBC showed the following results: total WBC count of 14.0x109/L, RBC count of 3.95x1012/L, and platelet count of 245x109/L. The differential showed 65% segmented neutrophils, 10% bands, 15% lymphocytes, and 10% monocytes. Toxic granulation and Dohle bodies were seen in many of the neutrophils. Which of the following is most likely?

a. The patient had just finished running a half marathon
b. The patient has a bacterial infection
c. The patient is normal
d. The patient has a helminth infection

A

b. The patient has a bacterial infection

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57
Q

A CBC on a patient with Chediak-Higashi syndrome is expected to exhibit which of the following?

a. Giant platelets and Dohle-like inclusions in the cytoplasm of all granulocytes
b. Large, darkly staining cytoplasmic granules in all WBCs
c. Giant fused granules and lysosomes in WBC cytoplasm
d. Leukocytosis and bilobed eosinophils

A

c. Giant fused granules and lysosomes in WBC cytoplasm

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58
Q

Patients with infectious mononucleosis often have the following CBC results:

a. Lymphocytosis, including increased variant/ reactive lymphocytes
b. Lymphocytopenia with numerous small lymphocytes
c. Neutrophilia, including a predominant shift to the left
d. Neutropenia with a distinct predominance of toxic granulation

A

a. Lymphocytosis, including increased variant/ reactive lymphocytes

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59
Q

Flow cytometry for monitoring a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome should include markers for which of the following?

a. CD30 and CD42
b. CD4 and CD8
c. CD34 and CD33
d. CD21 and CD22

A

b. CD4 and CD8

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60
Q

Which of the following disorders is classified as a myelodysplastic
/myeloproliferative disease?

a. Acute promyelocytic leukemia
b. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
c. Atypical chronic myelogenous leukemia
d. Essential thrombocythemia

A

c. Atypical chronic myelogenous leukemia

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61
Q

All of the following cells are derived from CFU-GEMM, common myeloid progenitor cells except:

a. Basophils
b. Lymphocytes
c. Neutrophils
d. RBCs

A

b. Lymphocytes

62
Q

A patient’s differential count shows an elevated eosinophil count. This is consistent with which of the following?

a. Aplastic anemia
b. Bacterial infection
c. Parasitic infection
d. Viral infection

A

c. Parasitic infection

63
Q

Antibodies are produced by which of the following:

a. Macrophages
b. T lymphocytes
c. Plasma cells
d. Basophils

A

c. Plasma cells

64
Q

The nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test is used to assist in the diagnosis of:

a. Leukocyte adhesion disorders (LADs)
b. Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)
c. May-Hegglin anomaly
d. Pelger-Huet anomaly

A

b. Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)

65
Q

A newly diagnosed patient has an acute leukemia. Which of the following would initially be the most useful in determining the origin of the blasts seen?

a. Leukocyte alkaline peroxidase (LAP) and nonspecific esterase (NSE)
b. Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)
c. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and terminal dexoynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)
d. Sudan black B and brilliant cresyl blue

A

c. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and terminal dexoynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)

66
Q

Therapy for CML often includes the use of a targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor, such as:

a. Imatinib mesylate
b. All-trans retinoic acid
c. Ablative chemotherapy
d. 2-CDA/cladribine

A

a. Imatinib mesylate

67
Q

WBC: 15.5x109/L
RBC: 5.9x1012/L
Hgb: 17.5 g/dL
Hct: 53.0%
Platelet: 425x109/L
Differential: 55%
segmented neutrophils,
3% bands, 30% lymphocytes, 9%
monocytes, 1% eosinophils, 2%
metamyelocytes; RBC
and platelet
morphology appear
normal

Which of the following conditions is the most likely
cause of these results?

a. Chronic myelogenous leukemia
b. Polycythemia vera
c. Acute bacterial infection
d. The patient is normal

A

b. Polycythemia vera

68
Q

Polycythemia vera can be differentiated from secondary polycythemia because of polycythemia vera presenting with which of the following?

a. Elevated hemoglobin results
b. Decreased erythropoietin levels
c. Normal to decreased WBC counts
d. Erythroid hyperplasia in the marrow

A

b. Decreased erythropoietin levels

69
Q

The genetic mutation associated with CML is:

a. t (15;17)(q22;q12)
b. t(11;14)(p15;q11)
c. t(9:22)(q34;q11.2)
d. t(8:21)(q22;q22)

A

c. t(9:22)(q34;q11.2)

70
Q

Which of the following is not classified as a myeloproliferative neoplasm?

a. Chronic eosinophilic leukemia
b. Essential thrombocythemia
c. Mastocytosis
d. Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia

A

d. Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia

71
Q

What is the minimum percentage of ringed sideroblasts present in the bone marrow for a diagnosis
of refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts?

a. 10%
b. 15%
c. 20%
d. >25%

A

b. 15%

72
Q

All of the following are considered to be signs of dyserythropoiesis except:

a. Multinucleate RBCs
b. Basophilic stippling
c. Dohle bodies
d. Oval macrocytes

A

c. Dohle bodies

73
Q

Features of dysmyelopoiesis and dysmegakaryopoiesis seen on a peripheral smear or bone marrow in cases of myelodysplastic syndromes include all of
the following except:

a. Pelgeroid neutrophils
b. Neutrophils showing hypogranulation
c. Giant abnormal platelets with abnormal granules
d. Siderotic granules

A

d. Siderotic granules

74
Q

The peripheral blood and bone marrow picture sometimes will look similar in myelodysplastic syndromes and some RBC disorders. Which of the following RBC disorders tends to have a peripheral smear appearance similar to cases of myelodysplastic
syndromes?

a. Iron deficiency anemia
b. a-Thalassemia minor
c. Megaloblastic anemia
d. Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia

A

c. Megaloblastic anemia

75
Q

Most of the chromosome abnormalities seen in myelodysplastic syndrome involve which of the following chromosomes?

a. 5, 7, 8, 11, 13, 20
b. 2, 3, 9, 15, 16, 26
c. 3, 6, 10, 14, 21
d. 1, 4, 15, 17, 21

A

a. 5, 7, 8, 11, 13, 20

76
Q

Whichofthefollowingisnotoneoftherecurrentgenetic
abnormalities seen in cases of acute myeloid leukemia?

a. AML with t(8;21)(q22;q22); AML1(CBFa)/ETO
b. AML with t(15;17)(q22;q12); (PML/RARa)
c. AML with inv(16)/p(13;q22); (CBFB/MYH11)
d. AML with t(1;19)(q23;q13); (E2A/PBX1)

A

d. AML with t(1;19)(q23;q13); (E2A/PBX1)

77
Q

AML with 11q23 (MLL) abnormalities are associated with which cell line?

a. Eosinophil
b. Erythrocyte
c. Monocyte
d. Neutrophil

A

c. Monocyte

78
Q

T-cell ALL most commonly affects which of the following?

a. Infants
b. Teenaged males
c. Adult females
d. Elderly males

A

b. Teenaged males

79
Q

Which of the following disorders is considered to be classified by WHO as an AML, not otherwise classified?

a. Acute erythroid leukemia
b. Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia
c. Acute promyelocytic leukemia
d. AML without maturation

A

c. Acute promyelocytic leukemia

80
Q

A 69-year-old female patient presented with symptoms of fatigue and easy bruising. A CBC was ordered. The peripheral smear showed a large number of blasts, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. A bone marrow examination was performed, revealing hypercellularity and a blast appearance similar to that of the
peripheral smear. Flow cytometry revealed cells positive for CD 13, CD 33, CD 34, CD 38, CD 117, and
HLA-DR. Cells were negative for TdT, myeloperoxidase, and nonspecific esterase. Based on this information, which of the following is most likely?

a. AML with minimal differentiation
b. AML without maturation
c. B-cell ALL without maturation
d. Acute monoblastic leukemia

A

a. AML with minimal differentiation

81
Q

A 3-year-old female patient was having symptoms of lethargy and bruising and reported pain in her legs. Her mother also mentioned noticing several swollen lymph nodes when bathing the child. The pediatrician ordered a CBC, which had the following results.
WBC: 18.5x1012/L
RBC: 3.00x1012/L
Hgb: 9.0 g/dL
Hct: 27.0%
MCV: 90 fL
MCH: 30 pg
MCHC: 33%
Platelet: 58x109/L
Differential: 80%
blastocytes, 6% segmented
neutrophils, 8% lymphocytes,
6% monocytes. RBC
morphology was normal, and
platelets were markedly
decreased

What is the most likely reason that the physician ordered a lumbar puncture after receiving the
CBC results?

a. To rule out an acute case of meningitis
b. To look for leukemia cells in the spinal fluid
c. To rule out infectious mononucleosis
d. To rule out multiple sclerosis

A

b. To look for leukemia cells in the spinal fluid

82
Q

A 78-year-old man was previously diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Periodic CBCs were ordered, and several months of CBCs maintained an appearance consistent with cases
of CLL.
WBC: 58.5x1012/L
RBC: 3.90x1012/L
Hgb: 12.0 g/dL
Hct: 36.0%
MCV: 92 fL
MCH: 3 pg
MCHC: 33%
Platelet: 132x109/L
Differential: 70% lymphocytes, 8%
segmented neutrophils, 2%
monocytes, 20% unidentified cells with lymphoid appearance
and a prominent nucleolus

Which of the following is most likely?

a. The patient has developed Sezary syndrome
b. The patient has developed prolymphocytic leukemia
c. The patient has developed multiple myeloma
d. The patient now has a concurrent case of CLL and ALL

A

b. The patient has developed prolymphocytic leukemia

83
Q

Multiple myeloma exhibits laboratory features except which of the following?

a. Occasional plasma cells in the peripheral blood
b. Rouleaux
c. Hypercalcemia
d. Decreased immunoglobulin

A

d. Decreased immunoglobulin

84
Q

The diagnostic cell type seen in Hodgkin lymphoma is:

a. Binucleate plasma cell
b. Reed Sternberg cell
c. Bence Jones lymphocyte
d. Burkitt lymphocyte

A

b. Reed Sternberg cell

85
Q

Which of the following appearances describes the types of cells seen in Sezary syndrome?

a. Plasma cells containing immunoglobulin deposits
b. Large circulating micromegakaryocytes
c. Lymphocytes with convoluted, cerebriform nuclei
d. Prolymphocytes with prominent azurophilic granules

A

c. Lymphocytes with convoluted, cerebriform nuclei

86
Q

Which of the following best describes the function of
the hexose-monophosphate pathway?

a. It produces ATP to help maintain RBC membrane deformability
b. It results in the reduction of glutathione
c. It produces 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (2,3 DPG)
d. It produces cytochrome b reductase

A

b. It results in the reduction of glutathione

87
Q

A patient has a reticulocyte count of 3.5%. This shows which of the following?

a. Bone marrow response in producing more RBCs
because of increased need
b. A normal reticulocyte count
c. Patient transfusion of whole blood
d. Lack of response to vitamin therapy after a diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia

A

a. Bone marrow response in producing more RBCs

88
Q

Which of the following cases does not warrant a bone marrow examination?

a. Presence of blasts on the peripheral smear
b. Postchemotherapy assessment for minimal residual disease
c. Diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia
d. Diagnosis of suspected systemic fungal infection

A

d. Diagnosis of suspected systemic fungal infection

89
Q

A bone marrow sample for a patient with newly diagnosed chronic myelogenous leukemia would often be expected to have an M/E ratio of:

a. 1:1
b. 2:1
c. 1:2
d. 10:1

A

d. 10:1

90
Q

Which of the following is not implicated as a cause of
nonmegaloblastic macrocytic anemia?

a. Alcoholism
b. Hemochromatosis
c. Hypothyroidism
d. Liver disease

A

b. Hemochromatosis

91
Q

Which of the following results is consistent with a diagnosis of aplastic anemia?

a. Hypocellular bone marrow, absolute neutrophil count of 0.5x109/L, platelet count of 40x109/L, Hgb 8 g/dL
b. Hypocellular bone marrow, absolute neutrophil count of 2.5x109/L, platelet count of 75x109/L, Hgb 10 g/dL
c. Hypercellular bone marrow, absolute neutrophil count of 1.5x109/L, platelet count of
100x109/L, Hgb 14 g/dL
d. Hypocellular bone marrow, absolute neutrophil count of 0.5x109/L, platelet count of 90x109/L, Hgb 11 g/dL

A

a. Hypocellular bone marrow, absolute neutrophil count of 0.5x109/L, platelet count of 40x109/L, Hgb 8 g/dL

92
Q

The following statement is true of mutations in a-thalassemia compared to those seen in B-thalassemia:

a. Mutations in a-thalassemia occur as a result of reduced or absent expression of the globin gene
b. Mutations in a-thalassemia occur as a result of the deletion of one or more globin genes
c. The a-globin gene is expressed on chromosome 11
d. The b-globin gene is expressed on chromosome 16

A

b. Mutations in a-thalassemia occur as a result of the deletion of one or more globin genes

93
Q

A patient’s genotype is -a/-a. This patient will have a CBC that shows which of the following?

a. Decreased RBC count with numerous target cells
b. Decreased RBC count with microcytic/ hypochromic RBCs
c. Increased RBC count with normal RBCs
d. Increased RBC count with microcytic/ hypochromic RBCs

A

d. Increased RBC count with microcytic/ hypochromic RBCs

94
Q

Patients with sickle cell anemia and B-thalassemia major may not show clinical symptoms until the patient is at least 6 months of age because of which of the following?

a. The mutations are acquired after the child is born
b. The mutations are activated by dietary and maternal factors
c. The mutations may not manifest clinically at birth because the presence of hemoglobin F decreases
d. The mutations lead to elevations in a genes that compensate for the decreased gene expression

A

c. The mutations may not manifest clinically at birth because the presence of hemoglobin F decreases

95
Q

The thymus is a site used as a maturation compartment for:

a. B cells
b. T cells
c. Megakaryocytes
d. Monocytes

A

b. T cells

96
Q

A manual hemocytometer count was required to check a patient’s total WBC count. A 1:20 dilution
was made and used when the four large “W” squares were counted on both sides of the hemacytometer. A total of 105 cells were counted between the two sides. What was the patient’s total WBC
count?

a. 0.33x109/L
b. 2.1x109/L
c. 2.6x109/L
d. 5.3x109/L

A

c. 2.6x109/L

97
Q

Hereditary elliptocytosis results from defects in which of the following?

a. Ankyrin
b. Band 3 protein
c. Spectrin
d. Pyruvate

A

c. Spectrin

98
Q

Primary neutrophil granules contain:

a. Acetyltransferase, collagenase, gelatinase, lysozyme, B2-microglobulin
b. Alkaline phosphatase, cytochrome b558, complement receptor 1, complement 1q receptor, vesicle-associated membrane-2
c. B2-Microglobulin, collagenase, gelatinase lactoferrin, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin
d. Acid B-glycerophosphatase, cathespins, defensins, elastase, myeloperoxidase, proteinase-3

A

d. Acid B-glycerophosphatase, cathespins, defensins, elastase, myeloperoxidase, proteinase-3

99
Q

A 36-year-old man visited the emergency department because of alternating episodes of fever and
chills that persisted over several days. The patient stated he had not felt well since returning from a
mission trip to Africa. The physician ordered a CBC with the following results.
WBC: 3.5x109/L
RBC: 3.80x1012/L
Hgb: 12.0 g/dL
Hct: 36.0%
MCV: 95 fL
MCH: 32 pg
MCHC: 33%
Platelet: 145x109/L
Differential: Normal WBC
distribution, normocytic
normochromic RBCs
with some inclusions
present and several
abnormal platelet-like
structures shaped like
boomerangs

What should be done with this sample next?

a. Rerun the sample to make sure it is not clotted
b. Clean the stainer and make another slide to examine
c. Refer the sample to the pathologist for further identification
d. Report the results, because the results are normal

A

c. Refer the sample to the pathologist for further identification

100
Q

Patients with suspected paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria can be confirmed by performing which of
the following?

a. Direct antiglobulin test (DAT)
b. Donath-Landsteiner test
c. Osmotic fragility test
d. G6PD activity assay

A

b. Donath-Landsteiner test

101
Q

Which of the following lists the steps of the hemostatic response in the correct order?

a. Fibrinolysis —injury —secondary hemostasis —primary hemostasis
b. Injury —primary hemostasis —secondary hemostasis —fibrinolysis
c. Injury —secondary hemostasis —primary hemostasis —fibrinolysis
d. Injury —fibrinolysis —primary hemostasis ! secondary hemostasis

A

b. Injury —primary hemostasis —secondary hemostasis —fibrinolysis

102
Q

Which of the following properties renders the vessel wall prothrombotic?

a. Negatively charged surface
b. Production of prostacyclin and nitric oxide
c. Release of tissue factor
d. Inactivation of thrombin

A

c. Release of tissue factor

103
Q

Which of the following is not true regarding platelets?

a. Platelets are not affected by aspirin
b. Platelets have a life span of 7 to 10 days
c. Platelets undergo shape change and develop pseudopods when activated
d. Von Willebrand factor serves as a bridge between platelets and collagen

A

a. Platelets are not affected by aspirin

104
Q

Which of the following factors binds to platelets via the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor?

a. Von Willebrand factor
b. Factor II
c. Fibrinogen
d. Thrombin

A

c. Fibrinogen

105
Q

Which of the following is not an agonist of platelet aggregation?

a. Saline
b. ADP
c. Collagen
d. Epinephrine

A

a. Saline

106
Q

Which enzyme is blocked by the presence of aspirin?

a. Phospholipase A2
b. Cyclooxygenase
c. Protein kinase
d. ATPase

A

b. Cyclooxygenase

107
Q

Secondary hemostasis occurs when a sufficient stimulus is present to cause the release of internal ADP, synthesis and release of thromboxane A2, and increased calcium release.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

108
Q

Which of the following factors is called prothrombin?

a. Fibrinogen
b. Factor II
c. Factor X
d. Factor XIII

A

b. Factor II

109
Q

Which of the following factors usually results in no clinical bleeding when deficient?

a. Factor XII
b. Factor IX
c. Factor VIII
d. Factor VII

A

a. Factor XII

110
Q

The step necessary for the functionary factors II, VII, IX, and X is called the ______________ step.

a. Oxidation
b. Hydrolysis
c. Cleavage
d. g-Carboxylation

A

d. g-Carboxylation

111
Q

Monitoring of the intrinsic pathway is accomplished by performing which of the following analytical tests?

a. PT
b. PTT
c. Thrombin time
d. Fibrinogen assay

A

b. PTT

112
Q

Monitoring of the extrinsic pathway is accomplished by performing which of the following analytical tests?

a. PT
b. PTT
c. Thrombin time
d. Fibrinogen assay

A

a. PT

113
Q

Which of the following cleaves the fibrinopeptides from fibrinogen?

a. Factor VIII
b. Thrombin
c. Tissue factor
d. Factor XIII

A

b. Thrombin

114
Q

Activation of factor VII after the release of tissue factor initiates which of the following pathways?

a. Intrinsic pathway
b. Extrinsic pathway
c. Common pathway
d. Fibrinolytic pathway

A

b. Extrinsic pathway

115
Q

Which of the following is not true?

a. Factor VIII is a cofactor for factor IXa
b. Factor V is a cofactor for factor Xa
c. Protein K is a cofactor for protein C
d. High-molecular-weight kininogen is a cofactor for factor XIIa

A

c. Protein K is a cofactor for protein C

116
Q

If a deficiency of this factor is present, the cross-linking of fibrin will not occur.

a. Factor II
b. Factor V
c. Factor XI
d. Factor XIII

A

d. Factor XIII

117
Q

Factor VIII is protected from degradation when circulating in the plasma by its carrier protein __________.

a. Factor IX
b. Thrombin
c. Von Willebrand factor
d. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa

A

c. Von Willebrand factor

118
Q

Which of the following factors is associated with hemophilia B?

a. Factor VIII
b. Factor IX
c. Factor XI
d. Fibrinogen

A

b. Factor IX

119
Q

The activation of plasmin results in which of the following?

a. The formation of a fibrin clot
b. The formation of the bridge between platelets and the vessel wall
c. The start of the process to break down a fibrin clot
d. The point at which the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways feed into the common pathway

A

c. The start of the process to break down a fibrin clot

120
Q

Which of the following proteins is degraded by plasmin?

a. Fibrin
b. Fibrinogen
c. A and B
d. None of the above

A

c. A and B

121
Q

Streptokinase differs from urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) in that:

a. Streptokinase activates plasminogen to plasmin conversion, whereas uPA inhibits the conversion
b. uPA is effective only when given as a medication
c. Streptokinase is an exogenous activator, whereas uPA is a physiologic activator
d. No difference exists between streptokinase and uPA

A

c. Streptokinase is an exogenous activator, whereas uPA is a physiologic activator

122
Q

Which of the following are fibrin degradation products?

a. Fragment X
b. Fragment Y
c. Fragment D
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above

123
Q

Which of the following describes the role of PAI-1 in hemostasis?

a. Plasminogen activator inhibitor–1 limits the activation of plasminogen
b. Plasminogen activator inhibitor–1 stimulates the activation of plasminogen
c. Plasminogen activator inhibitor–1 is involved in limiting clot formation in vessels
d. Plasminogen activator inhibitor–1 blocks platelet binding to the fibrin clot

A

a. Plasminogen activator inhibitor–1 limits the activation of plasminogen

124
Q

Which of the following fibrinolytic inhibitors is useful when a2-antiplasmin activity has been exhausted?

a. PAI-1
b. Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor
c. a2-Macroglobulin
d. Plasminogen

A

c. a2-Macroglobulin

125
Q

Positive feedback control of the hemostatic response is accomplished by:

a. Fibrin binding to thrombin to limit further activation
b. Fibrin degradation products interfere with fibrin formation and polymerization
c. Thrombin activates platelets and promotes the release of platelet factor V
d. Thrombin initiates activation of the protein C pathway

A

c. Thrombin activates platelets and promotes the release of platelet factor V

126
Q

Which of the following descriptions best describes the actions of protein S?

a. Protein S inactivates factors Va and VIIIa
b. Protein S is involved in the activation of thrombin
c. Protein S serves as a cofactor for protein C
d. None of above are functions of protein S

A

c. Protein S serves as a cofactor for protein C

127
Q

A child presents to the pediatrician after having recov- ered from a viral infection, because the child now has petechiae. The pediatrician orders laboratory testing, and the results reveal that the platelets are decreased. An increase in lymphocytes and eosinophils is also found. What is the probable diagnosis?

a. Acute ITP
b. Chronic ITP
c. NAIT
d. Medication reaction

A

a. Acute ITP

128
Q

Which of the following tests would help to differentiate between Bernard-Soulier syndrome and Glanz- mann’s thrombasthenia?

a. Bleeding time
b. Platelet count
c. PT
d. Response to ADP, collagen, and epinephrine in an
aggregation assay

A

d. Response to ADP, collagen, and epinephrine in an
aggregation assay

129
Q

Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia is best described as a:

a. Platelet deficiency
b. Deficiency of glycoprotein Ib/IX
c. Deficiency of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa
d. Deficiency of dense granules

A

c. Deficiency of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa

130
Q

The lack of a secondary wave of platelet aggregation in response to ADP is associated with which of the following disorders?

a. Bernard-Soulier syndrome
b. Gray platelet syndrome
c. Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia
d. D-Storage pool disease

A

d. D-Storage pool disease

131
Q

A young boy is taken to his pediatrician because his parents noticed that he seems to bleed easily and has swollen knees. The following test results were obtained:

PT=Normal
Fibrinogen = Normal
Platelet count = Normal
aPTT = Prolonged
aPTT with normal pooled plasma = Corrected the aPTT

Which of the following statements best describes the next steps?
a. The pediatrician should order factor assays for factors VIII and IX
b. The pediatrician should order factor assays for factors X and V
c. The pediatrician should order platelet aggregation testing
d. The pediatrician should request a molecular test for the factor V Leiden defect

A

a. The pediatrician should order factor assays for factors VIII and IX

132
Q

Which of the following results would be expected in a patient with dysfibrinogenemia?

a. Normal PT, normal aPTT, prolonged thrombin time
b. Abnormal PT, normal aPTT, prolonged thrombin time
c. Abnormal PT, abnormal aPTT, normal thrombin time
d. Normal PT, normal aPTT, normal thrombin time

A

a. Normal PT, normal aPTT, prolonged thrombin time

133
Q

In factor deficiencies, normal PT and aPTT results may be recorded until a factor level is ________.

a. Less than 30%
b. Less than 50%
c. Less than 75%
d. Less than 100%

A

a. Less than 30%

134
Q

The following results were obtained from a patient who recently underwent major surgery.

PT=Prolonged
Fibrinogen = Decreased
D-dimer = Positive
aPTT = Prolonged
Platelet count = Decreased

Which of the following conditions is likely?

a. Fibrinogenolysis
b. Fibrinogen deficiency
c. Disseminated intravascular coagulation
d. Vitamin K deficiency

A

c. Disseminated intravascular coagulation

135
Q

Which of the following conditions is not usually associated with thrombosis?

a. Protein C deficiency
b. Antithrombin deficiency
c. Factor V Leiden mutation
d. Factor V deficiency

A

d. Factor V deficiency

136
Q

Which of the following accelerates the activity of antithrombin?

a. Coumadin
b. Aspirin
c. Heparin
d. tPA

A

c. Heparin

137
Q

Which of the following tests is helpful in differentiat- ing fibrinogenolysis from DIC?

a. PT
b. aPTT
c. Fibrinogen
d. D-Dimer

A

d. D-Dimer

138
Q

A patient who has been receiving a broad-spectrum antibiotic is found to have a prolonged PT. After run- ning a couple of factor assays, you conclude that both the factor X and factor VII levels are decreased. The PT corrected when mixed with normal pooled plasma. What is a possible cause?

a. Inherited factor deficiency
b. Circulating anticoagulant
c. Vitamin K deficiency
d. Effect resulting from antibiotic presence in plasma

A

a. Inherited factor deficiency

139
Q

Which of the following descriptions best describes the principle of platelet aggregation?

a. The decrease in optical density is observed after the addition of an agonist in platelet-poor plasma
b. The increase in optical density is observed after the addition of an agonist in platelet-rich plasma
c. The decrease in optical density is observed after the addition of an agonist in platelet-rich plasma
d. The increase in optical density is observed after the addition of an agonist in platelet-poor plasma

A

c. The decrease in optical density is observed after the addition of an agonist in platelet-rich plasma

140
Q

When performing platelet aggregation assays, which of the following is an important preanalytical factor?

a. The patient should have fasted overnight
b. The patient must refrain from aspirin-containing
products for 7 days before testing
c. After collection, the specimen can be frozen
before transport to the laboratory
d. All of the above are import

A

b. The patient must refrain from aspirin-containing

141
Q

Which of the following conditions will cause an increase in fibrinogen levels?

a. DIC
b. Afibrinogenemia
c. Acute phase reactions
d. Liver disease

A

b. Afibrinogenemia

142
Q

Which of the following describes the principle of the thrombin time test?

a. After the addition of thromboplastin, the time
needed for plasma to form a clot is measured
b. Patient plasma is mixed with thrombin-deficient plasma, and the time to clot is measured
c. An excess of thrombin is added to patient plasma, and the time to clot is measured
d. Clot solubility is assessed using 5 M urea

A

c. An excess of thrombin is added to patient plasma, and the time to clot is measured

143
Q

When performing a factor assay for factor VIII, the MLS accidentally added factor IX–deficient plasma to the patient specimens. Which of the following best describes the expected results?

a. The test will not be affected because the correct
factor-deficient plasma was added
b. The test will not be affected because factor- deficient plasma is not needed in a factor assay
c. The test results will not be an assessment of factor VIII levels because factor VIII is present in the factor IX–deficient plasma
d. The test results will be an assessment of factor IX
levels and can be calculated using the factor VIII standard curve

A

c. The test results will not be an assessment of factor VIII levels because factor VIII is present in the factor IX–deficient plasma

144
Q

What are the reagents needed to perform the aPTT
test?

a. Calcium chloride
b. Partial thromboplastin
c. A and B
d. None of the above

A

c. A and B

145
Q

Which of the following tests is reported in conjunction with the INR?

a. PT
b. APTT
c. Thrombin time
d. Fibrinogen assay

A

a. PT

146
Q

46

A
147
Q

During a lengthy overseas trip, a 60-year-old man went to a laboratory in Italy to have PT measured to assess his dosage of Coumadin. Typically, in the United States, his results are in the range of 17 to 18 seconds, with an average INR of 1.75. In the laboratory in Italy, his PT was 20.2 seconds and his INR was 1.74. Which of the following descriptions best describes the situation?

a. The patient is taking excessive anticoagulation medication, causing his PT to be prolonged
b. An error is expected in the results from the laboratory in Italy
c. The result is not concerning because the INR results are essentially the same
d. He should immediately return to the United States for further assessment

A

c. The result is not concerning because the INR results are essentially the same

148
Q

During presurgical testing, the aPTT for a patient was longer than 120 seconds. The patient’s history for bleeding is negative. The result was corrected after mixing with normal pooled plasma. The sur- gery is delayed because the surgeon is concerned about bleeding. Which of the following descriptions best describes this situation?

a. The patient is at risk for a bleeding incident if the surgery proceeds
b. The patient likely has a circulating inhibitor
c. The patient likely has a deficiency of a contact factor that is not associated with bleeding
d. The sample was likely contaminated with hepar

A

c. The patient likely has a deficiency of a contact factor that is not associated with bleeding

149
Q

A 30-year-old woman with a history of miscarriages is being seen by an obstetrician/gynecologist. Which of the following tests would be included in a panel to
assess her condition?

a. DRVVT
b. PT and PTT
c. PT and PTT using normal pooled plasma mix
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above

150
Q

A patient presents to the emergency department with symptoms consistent with a DVT. Which of the fol- lowing tests is helpful as a screening test for the factor V Leiden mutation?

a. Protein S assay
b. Antithrombin assay
c. Prothrombin 20210 molecular test
d. APCR test

A

d. APCR test

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