SMART Flashcards by Karl Dashley Atinen

Double embedding:
Infiltrated with ________ then embedded with ______.

Celloidin; Paraffin

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Flotation waterbath temp:

45 to 50 C

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To remove formalin pigments:

Picric acid

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To remove mercurial deposits:

Iodine

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Explosive when dry:

Picric acid

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Function of alum in hematoxylin:

Mordant

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Primary importance of Frozen Sections:

RAPID DIAGNOSIS

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Enzyme histochemistry:

Frozen section

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Second best choice for routine cytologic examination after Papanicolau:

Phase contrast microscopy

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NOT SUITABLE fixative for kidney structures:

Bouin’s

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Cell death due to ischemia (loss of blood supply) is known as infarction, and is manifested by characteristic histologic appearance:

COAGULATION NECROSIS

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bacteria responsible of Pseudomembranous colitis and diarrhea:

Clostridium difficile

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Most frequently recovered Corynebacterium species from human clinical material. It is part of the normal skin microbiota:

Corynebacterium amycolatum

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Primary fungal pathogen in HIV patients:

Candida albicans

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parasite with double-walled, wrinkled cyst form:

Acanthamoeba castellanii

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Intracellular form of blood and tissue flagellates:

Leishmanial form

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Normal stool pH:

pH 7 to 8

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Stool pH associated with CHO disorders:

pH 5.5 or less

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Microhematocrit centrifugate for:

10,000 g for 5 minutes

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Standing plasma test determine:

creamy layer (chylomicrons); turbid (VLDL)

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Microanatomical fixatives should never contain ________ because it inhibits hematoxylin.

osmic acid/osmium tetroxide

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Nuclear fixatives should contain ________ due to its affinity for nuclear chromatin.

glacial acetic acid

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These fixatives should never contain Glacial Acetic Acid because it destroys the mitochondria and Golgi bodies:

Cytoplasmic fixatives (Flemming’s without HAc, Regaud’s, Orth’s, Helly’s and formalin with post-chroming)

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Manual paraffin wax infiltration and embedding:

At least four (4) changes of wax are required at 15 minutes interval to ensure complete removal of the clearing agent from tissue. The specimen is then immersed in another fresh solution of melted paraffin for approximately 3 hours to ensure complete embedding or casting of tissue.

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microtome invented by Paldwell Treffall:

Cambridge/Rocking microtome

Bond between Best carmine and glycogen:

Coulombic attraction/electrostatic bonds, hydrogen bonds

Routine H and E:

Regressive staining, it involves a differentiation step

Stains for the glomerular basement membrane:

PAS, Azocarmine stain

Postmortem clotting:

immediately after death, rubbery consistency

Antemortem thrombi:

friable, characterized by fibrin precipitation

Leadership:

DIRECTING

COMPONENTS OF FIBRIN GLUE:

cryoprecipitate (fibrinogen) and topical thrombin

Donor deferral, measles (rubeola) vaccination:

2 weeks

Donor deferral, German measles (Rubella) vaccination:

4 weeks

When stained with Sternheimer-Malbin stain: GLITTER CELLS stain ________ as opposed to the VIOLET COLOR usually seen with NEUTROPHILS.

Glitter cell stain LIGHT BLUE

After episodes of hemoglobinuria, yellow-brown granules may be seen in renal tubular epithelial cells and casts or free-floating in the urine sediment. To confirm that these granules are hemosiderin, the ________ is used and stains the hemosiderin granules a ________. (RTE cells with HEMOSIDERIN).

Prussian blue stain for iron; blue color

Second most prevalent protein in CSF:

Prealbumin (transthyretin)

is usually defined as a newborn’s first bowel movement. which is formed in the intestine from fetal intestinal secretions and swallowed amniotic fluid. It is a dark green, mucus-like material. It may be present in the amniotic fluid as a result of fetal distress.

MECONIUM

Blood should NEVER be drawn from a vein in an arm with a ____ (temporary dialysis access device) or ____ (a permanent surgical fusion of a vein and an artery).

cannula (temporary dialysis access device); fistula (a permanent surgical fusion of a vein and an artery)

Adverse reaction of Aminoglycosides:

Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity

neuromotor irritability accompanied by muscular twitching and eventual convulsions; generally due to low calcium levels (hypocalcemia):

TETANY

Reagent for the APT test:

1% NaOH

APT test: fetal blood

pink solution

APT test: maternal blood

yellow-brown supernatant

test for choline: (Iodine, KI/ dark brown rhombic crystals)

Florence test

test for spermine: (Picric acid, TCA/ yellow leafshaped crystals, needles)

Barbiero's test

test to differentiate hemoglobin from myoglobin, ammonium sulfate will precipitate hemoglobin:

Blondheim's test

Nanometer is also ____ micron

millimicron

Embedding medium for EM is

Plastic

Best vital stain is

neutral red

Vital stain for mitochondria is

Janus Green

Ferning:

Early pregnancy

Pap's consists of 3 stains:

Harris hematoxylin, OG 6 and EA

Total renal BLOOD flow is

1200 mL/min

Total renal PLASMA flow is

600 to 700 mL/min

Most potent estrogen is

Estradiol

Most important androgen in terms of potency and amount secreted is (Marshall)

testosterone

Conn syndrome:

primary aldosteronism

male-pattern hair growth in women; most common cause is PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome, Marshall)

Hirsutism

Primary male hypogonadism: ____ testosterone ____ LH and FSH

Decreased testosterone; Increased LH and FSH

Secondary male hypogonadism: ____ testosterone ____ LH and FSH

Decreased testosterone; Decreased LH and FSH

early morning before the patient has eaten or become physically active. This is a good time to draw blood specimens because the is at rest and food has not been ingested during the night.

BASAL STATE

substance than can yield a hydrogen ion or hydronium ion when dissolved in water

ACID

substance than can yield hydroxyl ions (OH-)

BASE

properties of osmotic pressure, freezing point, boiling point and vapor pressure

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

t-test:

compare Accuracy, Mean ## Footnote TAM T - t test A - Accuracy M - Mean

f-test:

compare precision, SD ## Footnote SPF S -SD P - Precision F - f test

type of error: 1:2SD, 1:3SD, R:4S (ODD NUMBERS)

Random error

type of error: 2:2SD, 4:1SD, 10:x (EVEN NUMBERS)

Systematic error

Order kinetics: reaction rate is dependent on enzyme concentration only

ZERO-ORDER KINETICS

Order kinetics: reaction rate is directly proportional to substrate concentration

FIRST-ORDER KINETICS

thickening or hardening of the walls of arteries:

Arteriosclerosis

accumulation of lipid in the veins and arteries:

Atherosclerosis

elevated urea in blood (Turgeon: urea and creatinine):

Azotemia

deficiency of adrenocortical hormones:

Addison’s disease

aldosterone-secreting adrenal adenoma:

Conn’s syndrome

excessive production of glucocorticoids (cortisol):

Cushing’s syndrome

tumors of the adrenal medulla or sympathetic ganglia that produce and release large quantities of catecholamines:

Phaeochromocytoma

cessation of menstruation

Amenorrhea

Greek work YELLOW; irreversible scarring process by which normal liver architecture is transformed into abnormal nodular architecture:

Cirrhosis

hereditary disorder in which there is DECREASED BILIRUBIN TRANSPORT into the hepatocytes:

Gilbert’s syndrome

hereditary DEFICIENCY of the UDPG-TRANSFERASE ENZYME:

Crigler-Najjar syndrome

associated with increased plasma conjugated bilirubin, inborn error of metabolism:

Dubin-Johnson syndrome

possibly of viral origin, where there is also a block in the excretion of conjugated bilirubin but without liver pigmentation:

Rotor syndrome

is a defect of copper transport from the liver resulting in overload of copper in liver and brain:

Wilson’s disease

is an X-linked recessive disorder in which defective transport of copper from mucosal cells results in copper deficiency:

Menkes disease

chronic autoimmune thyroiditis; it is the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism:

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

diffuse toxic goiter

Graves’ disease

chronic protein deficiency under conditions of adequate non–protein calorie intake, which leads to marked hypoalbuminemia; may result from the net loss of albumin from both the intravascular and extravascular pools

Kwashiorkor

a deficiency of calories with adequate protein status. In this condition; the serum albumin level remains normal despite considerable loss of body weight

Marasmus

cells of the testicles that produce testosterone

Leydig cells

Kidds = Duffy =

Kidds = anti-Jka, -Jkb Duffy = anti-Fya, -Fyb ## Footnote "Kid(d)s and Duffy the Monkey (Rh) eat Lots of M&Ns" Kidds = anti-Jka, -Jkb Duffy = anti-Fya, -Fyb Monkey = Rh antibodies M&Ns = anti-M, -N, -S, -s Lots = dosage

cell membrane marker of stem cells:

CD34

GRANULAR, DIRTY, BROWN CASTS representing hemoglobin degradation products such as methemoglobin:

ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS

Providing an antibody with its corresponding antigen under optimal conditions so that the antibody will attach to the antigen, thereby removing the antibody from the serum:

ADSORPTION

process whereby cells that are coated with antibody are treated in such a manner as to disrupt the bonds between the antigen and antibody:

ELUTION

simplest type of mutation Only one nucleotide in the DNA sequence is changed Includes substitutions, insertions, and deletions:

POINT MUTATION

gene that does not appear to produce a detectable antigen; a silent gene:

AMORPH

connection between two blood vessels, either direct or through connecting channels:

ANASTOMOSIS

ANTI-A1 LECTIN:

DOLICHOS BIFLORUS

ANTI-B LECTIN:

BANDEIRAEA SIMPLICIFOLIA

ANTI-H LECTIN:

ULEX EUROPAEUS

ANTI-M LECTIN:

IBERIS AMARA

ANTI-N LECTIN:

VICIA GRAMINEA

phenomenon whereby an antibody reacts more strongly with a red blood cell carrying a double dose (homozygous inheritance of the appropriate gene) than with a red blood cell carrying a single dose (heterozygous inheritance) of an antigen:

DOSAGE

portion of the antigen molecule that is directly involved in the interaction with the antibody; the ANTIGENIC DETERMINANT:

EPITOPE

antigenic characteristic of the red blood cell membrane that is unique to an individual or a related family of individuals and therefore is not commonly found on all cells (usually less than 1% of the population):

PRIVATE ANTIGEN

antigen characteristic of the red blood cell membrane found commonly among individuals, usually more than 98% of the population:

PUBLIC ANTIGEN

programmed cell death:

Apoptosis

small hemorrhagic spot, LARGER THAN PETECHIA, in the skin or mucous membrane, forming a rounded or irregular blue or purplish patch; also known as bruise:

Ecchymosis

fingernails are thin, flattened and concave; associated with iron deficiency anemia:

Koilonychia

thin, flat red cell with hemoglobin at periphery and increased central pallor; hypochromic cell:

Leptocyte

this presence is definitive histologic diagnosis of HODGKIN’S DISEASE

Reed-Sternberg cell

leukocytes of the myelocytic series, and sometimes all leukocytes contain coarse azurophilic mucopolysaccharide granules:

Alder-Reilly anomaly

needle-shaped or round inclusion in the cytoplasm of myeloblasts and promyelocytes; composed of condensed primary granules:

Auer rod

congenital, autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by partial albinism, photophobia and the presence of abnormally large blue granules in leukocytes:

Chediak-Higashi anomaly

autosomal dominant inherited blood cell disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia and granules containing cytoplasmic inclusions similar to Dohle bodies:

May-Hegglin anomaly

cutaneous T CELL LYMPHOMA characterized by exfoliative erythroderma, peripheral lymphadenopathy and Sezary cells present in the skin, lymph nodes and peripheral blood:

Sezary syndrome

rare disorder of fat metabolism caused by deficiency of glucocerebrosidase:

Gaucher’s disease

mutations to platelet GP IB or GP IX, defect of platelet adhesion

Bernard-Soulier syndrome

mutations to platelet GP IIb or IIIa; defect of fibrinogen-dependent platelet aggregation

Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia

protein produced by the neutrophils and stored in the secondary granules that is able bind iron:

Lactoferrin

basic pipet:

GLASS PIPET

blood samples for glucose testing and for other assays are used frequently in many health care facilities for bedside testing, or point-of-care testing (POCT):

CAPILLARY BLOOD SAMPLES

hormone produced by the hypothalamus to regulate water reabsorption in the COLLECTING DUCT:

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE

regulates flow of blood to and within the kidneys by responding to changes in blood pressure and plasma sodium content:

RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM

BLACK, TARRY STOOL associated with gastrointestinal hemorrhage:

MELENA

stool associated with pancreatic disorder, bile-duct obstruction:

BULKY/FROTHY STOOL

stool associated with intestinal constriction:

RIBBON-LIKE STOOL

stool associated with upper GI bleeding, iron therapy, charcoal, BISMUTH (antacids):

BLACK STOOL

absence of sperm in a semen sample:

AZOOSPERMIA

low sperm count:

OLIGOSPERMIA

immature spermatozoa:

SPERMATIDS

Part of the germinal epithelium of the seminiferous tubules, give rise to spermatozoa:

SERTOLI CELLS

cells of the testicles that produce testosterone:

LEYDIG CELLS

tip of a spermatozoa head, which contains enzymes for entry into an ovum:

ACROSOMAL CAP

color-change phenomenon occurring because PROTEINS ACT AS HYDROGEN ION ACCEPTORS AT A CONSTANT PH:

PROTEIN ERROR OF INDICATORS

abrupt change in the mean of a series of results:

SHIFT

gradual change in one direction of the mean of a control substance:

TREND

step-by-step documentation of the handling and testing of legal specimens:

CHAIN OF CUSTODY

continuous link in the transmission of harmful microorganisms between a source and a susceptible host:

CHAIN OF INFECTION

institutional policy to provide customer satisfaction:

TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM)

institutional program that focuses on customer satisfaction and expectations:

CONTINUOUS QUALITY IMPROVEMENT (CQI)

light scattered at an angle of less than 90 degrees, which indicates the SIZE OF A CELL:

FORWARD angle light scatter

light scattered at 90 degrees in a flow cytometer that indicates the GRANULARITY OF A CELL:

SIDE ANGLE, right angle light scatter

test that measures TOTAL IgE:

RADIOIMMUNOSORBENT TEST (RIST)

test that measures ANTIGEN-SPECIFIC IgE:

RADIOALLERGOSORBENT TEST (RAST)

RNA viral cause of German or 3-day measles:

RUBELLA

single-stranded RNA virus that cause measles:

RUBEOLA

amoeboid movement of cells such as monocytes and polymorphonuclear neutrophils to a site of inflammation in phagocytosis:

DIAPEDESIS

congenital defect of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches that affects thymic development, leading to a T-cell deficiency. Patients are subject to recurring viral and fungal infections:

DiGeorge anomaly

dysproteinemia synonymous with gamma heavy-chain disease. This abnormality is characterized by the presence of monoclonal protein composed of the heavy-chain portion of the immunoglobulin molecule:

Franklin’s disease

An alternate term for multiple myeloma:

Kahler’s disease

molecule when coupled to a hapten, makes the hapten capable of stimulating an immune response:

CARRIER

simple chemical group that can bind to antibody once it is formed but that CANNOT stimulate antibody formation unless tied to a larger carrier molecule:

HAPTEN

single antigenic determinant. It is functionally the portion of an antigen that combines with an antibody paratope:

EPITOPE

part of the antibody molecule that makes contact with the antigenic determinant:

PARATOPE

frequency of positive results obtained in testing a population of individuals who are positive for antibody:

SENSITIVITY

proportion of negative test results obtained in the population of individuals who actually lack the antibody in question:

SPECIFICITY

antigens that are expressed in the developing fetus and in rapidly dividing tissue, such as that associated with tumors, but that are absent in normal adult tissue:

ONCOFETAL ANTIGENS

malignant tumor of EPITHELIAL TISSUE origin:

CARCINOMA

malignant tumor of CONNECTIVE TISSUE origin:

SARCOMA

PRC was attached to the ____ pursuant to Executive Order No. 565. Executive Order No. 565-A was issued, delegating the Presidential power of control over the PRC to the DOLE Secretary.

Department of Labor and Employment

DRIVING FORCE of the bicarbonate buffer system is

CARBON DIOXIDE

time from ordering a test through analysis in the laboratory to the charting of the report:

TURNAROUND TIME (TAT)

Hazardous chemicals should be labeled with a description of their particular hazard, such as:

POISONOUS, CORROSIVE OR CARCINOGENIC

Information contained in the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) includes the following:

physical and chemical characteristics, fire and explosion potential, reactivity potential, health hazards and methods for safe handling

Urinometer is placed with a ____ MOTION. The scale reading is then taken at the ____ OF THE URINE MENISCUS.

SPINNING MOTION; BOTTOM OF THE URINE MENISCUS

Studies have shown that although everyone who eats ____ produces a urine odor, ONLY certain genetically predisposed people can smell the odor.

ASPARAGUS

CABBAGE urine odor:

METHIONINE MALABSORPTION

The ____ portion of MYOGLOBIN IS TOXIC TO RENAL TUBULES and high concentrations can cause ____

heme portion; acute renal failure

CASTS have tendency to locate ____ OF THE COVERSLIP.

NEAR THE EDGES

ETHYLENE GLYCOL (anti-freeze) poisoning:

MONOHYDRATE CAOX

coffin-lid or FEATHERY APPEARANCE (as they disintegrate):

TRIPLE PHOSPHATE

provides a method for counting UNDILUTED seminal fluid. Sperms are immobilized by heating part of the specimen prior to charging the chamber:

MAKLER COUNTING CHAMBER

provides OBJECTIVE determination of both SPERM VELOCITY and TRAJECTORY (DIRECTION OF MOTION):

COMPUTER-ASSISTED SEMEN ANALYSIS (CASA)

A maximum of ____ AMNIOTIC FLUID is collected in sterile syringes. The first 2 to 3 mL collected can be contaminated by maternal blood, tissue fluid and cells and are discarded:

30 mL amniotic fluid

diarrhea with increased RETENTION of water and solutes in the large intestine associated with MALABSORPTION AND MALDIGESTION:

OSMOTIC DIARRHEA

diarrhea with increased SECRETION of water and electrolytes into the large intestine caused by BACTERIAL ENTEROTOXINS:

SECRETORY DIARRHEA

Plasmapheresis donor, total protein at least:

6 g/dL

Packed red blood cells LEAK ____ into the plasma or additive solution of the blood component during storage. Rapid infusion of a large volume of packed red blood cells may put patient populations such as neonates and patients with cardiac, hepatic, or renal dysfunction at risk of developing hyperkalemia. The transient hyperkalemia related to massive transfusion appear to be related to the patient’s acid base balance, ionized calcium levels, and rate of infusion of the packed red blood cells

POTASSIUM

Significant Antibody titer in HDN: HARMENING 4th edition: significant is 5th edition: significant is 6th edition: critical titer is

4th edition: significant is 32 5th edition: significant is 16 to 32 6th edition: critical titer is 16

In pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 96% of tumors with CA 19-9 levels >1,000 U/mL are considered ____ (cannot be removed completely through surgery)

UNRESECTABLE (cannot be removed completely through surgery)

individual facility COMPARE ITS RESULTS WITH THOSE OF ITS PEERS:

BENCHMARKING

average value:

MEAN

most frequently occurring value:

MODE

middle value within range:

MEDIAN

_____ systematic error - y-intercept:

CONSTANT

______ systematic error - SLOPE:

PROPORTIONAL

Fungi (dermatophyte) produces macroconidia that are large, multicellular, and club-shaped with smooth walls:

EPIDERMOPHYTON FLOCCOSUM

Reporting Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction:

either Stimulation Index (SI) or percent relative response (%RR)

are nodules found in the hearts of individuals with RHEUMATIC FEVER:

ASCHOFF BODIES

a metallic element must NOT GO through drain disposal:

MERCURY

can be recycled by distillation or by drain disposal, can be detoxified by commercial product, or can be disposed of by licensed waste hauler:

FORMALDEHYDE WASTES

represent the second X chromosome in females and may be seen in 2 to 3% of neutrophils in FEMALES. The number of Barr bodies in a cell is one less than the number of X chromosomes present in a cell:

BARR (sex chromatin) BODY or DRUMSTICK

rough endoplasmic reticulum containing RNA and may represent localized failure of the cytoplasm to mature. They are found in infections, poisoning, burns and following chemotherapy:

DOHLE BODIES

granulocytes usually contain several very large, reddish-purple or greenish-gray staining granules in the cytoplasm; in the monocytes and lymphocytes they stain bluish purple and may be present singly, or there may be several in one cell. These granules represent ABNORMAL LYSOSOMES:

CHEDIAK-HIGASHI

Sickling of the RBCs is maximal at ___ and _____ as the temperature lowers.

37C; decreases

Platelets on top of the red cell should not be confused with RBC inclusion body. There is generally a ______ surrounding the platelet when it is positioned on top of the RBC.

non-staining halo

ESR: invalid results

bubbles and fibrin clots

measure HUMIDITY:

HYGROMETERS

ALCOHOL FIXATIVE CONCENTRATIONS; _____ because less concentrated solutions will produce lysis of cells.

70% to 100%

Ethanol and methanol, including Carnoy’s solution are commonly used fixatives for _____.

nucleic acids

physical agent similar in mechanism to vacuum oven (heat) and agitation to increase movement of molecules and accelerate fixation. It is also used to accelerate staining, decalcification, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy

MICROWAVE

LAST ALCOHOL BATH FOR DEHYDRATION SHOULD BE _____. A blue discoloration of _____ crystals will indicate FULL SATURATION WITH WATER. Alcohol is then discarded and changed with fresh solution.

PURE ETHANOL; COPPER SULFATE

Skeletal muscle contains bundles of very long, multinucleated cells with cross-striations. Their contraction is quick, forceful, and usually under voluntary control:

STRIATED, VOLUNTARY

Cardiac muscle also has cross-striations and is composed of elongated, often branched cells bound to one another at structures called intercalated discs that are unique to cardiac muscle. Contraction is involuntary, vigorous, and rhythmic:

STRIATED, INVOLUNTARY

Smooth muscle consists of collections of fusiform cells that lack striations and have slow, involuntary contractions:

NONSTRIATED, INVOLUNTARY

cell death produced by the Tubercle Bacillus. In gross state, the necrotic tissue has the appearance of soft, friable CHEESE:

CASEOUS NECROSIS

Three (3) major changes that are observed in the NUCLEUS: _____, _______ (segmentation and fragmentation) and _____ (dissolution of the nucleus).

PYKNOSIS, KARYORRHEXIS (segmentation and fragmentation), KARYOLYSIS (dissolution of the nucleus)

Four (4) phases or stages of CELL DEGENERATION:

CLOUDY SWELLING, FATTY DEGENERATION, CELL DEATH OR NECROSIS and CALCIFICATION.

BM aspiration is performed by a physician and may be obtained by: ____ biopsy: most frequently performed method ____ biopsy ____ (entering through the skin) ____ (small object used to remove circular section of tissue) biopsy (core of bone with accompanying marrow is obtained)

Needle biopsy; Surgical biopsy; Percutaneous TREPHINE biopsy

Antibody enhanced by ACIDIFYING THE PATIENT SERUM:

anti-M

Most common cause of transfusion reactions:

CLERICAL ERRORS

Donor unit SEAL HAS BEEN BROKEN:

DISCARD THE UNIT

Noticeable clots in RBC unit: DO NOT ISSUE THE UNIT, indication of

contamination or bacterial growth

FIRST STEP in laboratory investigation of transfusion reaction:

CHECK FOR CLERICAL ERRORS

SAGM, ADSOL shelf life:

42 days

________ or red blood cells may be performed up to 3 days after the red cell expire

REJUVENATION

Preparation of leukopoor RBCs:

filtering, centrifugation and washing

longest expiration date: RBCs

FROZEN RBCs

Component of choice for vWD:

CRYOPRECIPITATE

Transfusion of BUFFY COAT IS BEST INDICATED for:

NEWBORNS with severe infections

Test performed on blood that will be transfused to an acidotic or hypoxic infant:

HEMOGLOBIN S

CD marker responsible for E-rosette formation between T cells and sheep RBCs:

CD2

Joining (J) chain:

IgM and secretory IgA

Ig that helps initiate the classical complement pathway:

IgM and IgG

Primary immune response:

IgM

Highest titer in secondary response:

IgG

Immunoglobulin crosslinks mast cells to release histamine:

IgE

Substance detected by RPR and VDRL test:

REAGIN

Test for HIV infection in infants who are born to HIV-positive mothers:

PCR

Best indicator of early acute HBV infection:

HBsAg

First antibody detected in serum after infection with HBV:

anti-HBc

Blood products are tested for which virus before being transfused to newborns:

CMV

Anti-smooth muscle (ASMA) antibodies:

chronic active hepatitis

Nuclear matrix protein (NMP-22):

urinary bladder cancer

Last stage in the erythrocytic series capable of mitosis:

POLYCHROMATOPHILIC NORMOBLAST

Last nucleated stage in the erythrocytic series:

ORTHOCHROMATOPHILIC NORMOBLAST

Appearance of primary/nonspecific granules:

PROMYELOCYTE

Appearance of secondary/specific granules:

MYELOCYTE

Last stage in the granulocytic series capable of mitosis:

MYELOCYTE

Youngest cell in the granulocytic series to NORMALLY appear in peripheral blood:

BAND

Preferable site for BM aspiration and biopsy in adult:

ILIAC CREST

Miller disc is an ocular device to facilitate counting of:

RETICULOCYTES

Organ that removes erythrocyte inclusions without destroying the cell:

SPLEEN

Megaloblastic anemia:

MACROCYTIC, NORMOCHROMIC

Anemia in sickle cell disease:

NORMOCYTIC, NORMOCHROMIC

Iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia:

MICROCYTIC, HYPOCHROMIC

AUTOSPLENECTOMY occurs in

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

Anti-P, DONATH-LANDSTEINER ANTIBODY:

PCH

Major leukocyte in aplastic anemia:

LYMPHOCYTES

cells in G6PD deficiency

BITE CELLS

Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia:

schistocytes and nucleated RBCs

ANTIBIOTIC implicated in aplastic anemia:

CHLORAMPHENICOL

Type of anemia in acute leukemia:

NORMOCYTIC, NORMOCHROMIC

Hodgkin’s disease:

REED-STERNBERG CELLS

Myelofibrosis:

TEARDROP RBCs

DIC is most often associated with M3:

acute promyelocytic leukemia

Peripheral smear of patient with MULTIPLE MYELOMA:

ROULEAUX

Franklin’s disease:

GAMMA HEAVY CHAIN DISEASE

TRAP(+):

Hairy cell leukemia

CD ____: Common ALL (CALLA)

CD 10

PRIMARY INHIBITOR OF FIBRINOLYTIC SYSTEM:

ALPHA2-ANTIPLASMIN

PT and APTT result in patient with polycythemia:

BOTH PROLONGED

ASPIRIN inhibits

CYCLOOXYGENASE

Primary importance of FROZEN SECTIONS:

RAPID DIAGNOSIS

Lupus anticoagulant is directed against:

PHOSPHOLIPID

3Fs:

FATS/FORMALIN/FROZEN SECTIONS

Carbohydrate fixation:

ALCOHOLIC FIXATIVES

Protein fixation:

NEUTRAL BUFFERED FORMALDEHYDE OR FORMALDEHYDE VAPOR

Glycogen fixation: ____ such as Rossman’s fluid or cold absolute alcohol

ALCOHOL-BASED

MERCURIC CHLORIDE: fixative of choice for

TISSUE PHOTOGRAPHY

Zenker’s fluid:

LIVER, SPLEEN, CONNECTIVE TISSUE FIBERS and NUCLEI

Zenker’s-formol (Helly’s):

PITUITARY GLAND, BM, BLOOD-CONTAINING ORGANS SUCH AS SPLEEN AND LIVER

Heidenhain’s susa solution:

TUMOR BIOPSIES ESPECIALLY SKIN

Regaud’s (Moller’s/Muller’s) fluid:

CHROMATIN, MITOTIC FIGURES, GOLGI BODIES, RBC and colloid-containing tissues

Orth’s fluid: study of early degenerative process and tissue necrosis, demonstrates ____ and other bacteria

rickettsia

LEAD FIXATIVES:

ACID MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES

fixation of embryos and pituitary biopsies:

BOUIN’S

Bouin’s is NOT SUITABLE FOR FIXING ____

KIDNEY structures, lipid and mucus

Glacial acetic acid solidifies at

17C

Carnoy’s fluid:

CHROMOSOMES, LYMPH GLAND AND URGENT BIOPSIES

Newcomer’s fluid:

fixing of mucopolysaccharides and nuclear proteins

most common and fastest decalcifying agent

NITRIC ACID

decalcifies and softens tissues at the same time

PERENYI’S FLUID

most ideal, most sensitive method for determining the extent of decalcification

X-ray or radiological method

Embedding medium for electron microscopy:

EPON (PLASTIC MEDIUM)

Manual H and E staining:

REGRESSIVE STAINING

Flotation water bath: ____, approximately 6-10C lower than the mp of wax

45 to 50C

ORCEIN: vegetable dye extracted from

LICHENS

probably the oldest of all stains

IODINE

Stain demonstrating MITOCHONDRIA

JANUS GREEN

Stain for the basement membrane:

PAS, AZOCARMINE

Stain for Helicobacter pylori:

TOLUIDINE BLUE, CRESYL VIOLET ACETATE

Mountant refractive index should be as close as possible to that of the glass slide which is

1.518

POLYCLONAL ANTIBODIES: most frequently used animal is the ____ followed by goat, pig, sheep, horse, guinea pig and others

RABBIT

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES used animal:

MICE

In renal tubular acidosis, the pH of urine is:

CONSISTENTLY ALKALINE

Daily loss of protein in urine, normally does not exceed:

150 mg

Renal threshold for glucose is:

160 to 180 mg/dL

Hemoglobin differentiated from myoglobin:

ammonium sulfate (BLONDHEIM’S TEST)

Sternheimer-Malbin stain:

CRYSTAL VIOLET AND SAFRANIN

Pseudocasts: formed by

amorphous urates

Moderate hematuria and RBC casts:

ACUTE GLOMERULOPNEPHRITIS

Pyuria with bacterial and WBC casts:

PYELONEPHRITIS

Crystals appears in urine as long, thin hexagonal plate, and is linked to ingestion of large amounts of benzoic acid:

HIPPURIC ACID

Oval fat bodies:

lipid-containing RTE cells

GREATEST PROTEINURIA: (Heavy Proteinuria >4 g/day)

NEPHROTIC SYNDROME

Whewellite and weddellite kidney stones:

CALCIUM OXALATE

Struvite:

TRIPLE PHOSPHATE/magnesium ammonium phosphate

Apatite:

CALCIUM PHOSPHATE

Limulus lysate test:

Gram negative bacterial endotoxin

Amoeba in CSF: characteristic pseudopod mobility in

WET PREP ON PRE-WARMED SLIDE

GOUT:

uric acid or monosodium urate

PSEUDOGOUT:

calcium pyrophosphate

BEST TEST for determining the status of the fetoplacental unit:

SERUM FREE ESTRIOL

SPERM with SMALL OR ABSENT HEADPIECE:

acrosomal deficiency

Most common cause of male infertility:

VARICOCELE

Stain to determine SEPRM VIABILITY:

EOSIN

Stain of choice for SPERM MORPHOLOGY:

Pap’s stain

Serum GASTRIN levels would be greatest in:

ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME

Blood should NEVER be drawn from a vein in an arm with a ____ (temporary dialysis access device) or _____ (a permanent surgical fusion of a vein and an artery).

CANNULA (temporary dialysis access device); FISTULA (a permanent surgical fusion of a vein and an artery)

Glassware CLEANING SOLUTION:

ACID DICHROMATE

______ is used in AAS

HOLLOW CATHODE LAMP

Gaussian (normal) distribution:

Mean = median = mode

Material with physical and chemical properties closely resembling the test specimen and containing preanalyzed concentrations of the substances being measured:

CONTROL

Material of known composition available in a highly purified form:

STANDARD

Measuring potassium, antibiotic incorporated into the membrane:

VALINOMYCIN

Flame color Sodium: Lithium: Potassium: Rubidium: Magnesium:

Sodium: YELLOW FLAME Lithium produces a red flame Potassium a violet flame Rubidium a red flame Magnesium a blue flame

Reliable index of intestinal carbohydrate absorption:

D-XYLOSE

Condensation of glucose with aromatic amine in hot glacial acetic acid solution to produce a green-colored product:

O-TOLUIDINE

REFERENCE METHOD for glucose:

HEXOKINASE

Split in the albumin band:

BISALBUMINEMIA

Compound normally found in urine that may be used to assess the completeness of a 24-hour urine collection:

CREATININE

Myocardial infarction: ___ then ___ then ___

CK then AST then LD

Specimen of choice for analysis of acid-base disturbances:

ARTERIAL BLOOD

Anticoagulant of choice for blood gas analysis:

HEPARIN

Symptom of HYPOCALCEMIA:

TETANY

Calcium and phosphate metabolism is regulated by the:

PARATHYROID

In the blood, bicarbonate leaves the RBCs and enters the plasma through an exchange mechanism with:

CHLORIDE

Major mineralocorticoid:

ALDOSTERONE

Adrenal medulla secretes this hormone in the greatest quantity:

EPINEPHRINE

Hollander insulin test is used to confirm:

VAGOTOMY

Most potent estrogen:

ESTRADIOL

Assay to monitor the fetoplacental unit:

ESTRIOL

Hormone associated with galactorrhea, pituitary adenoma, and amenorrhea:

PROLACTIN

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is characterized by elevation of:

GASTRIN

Conn’s disease: _____ caused by adrenal adenoma, carcinoma or hyperplasia

PRIMARY HYPERALDOSTERONISM

Increased 5-HIAA: ________, carcinoid tumor composed of argentaffin cells. Carcinoid tumors are usually found in the intestine or lung.

ARGENTAFFINOMA

Thyroid hormones are derived from the amino acid:

TYROSINE

Pharmacological parameters that determine serum drug concentration:

liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (LADME)

Route of drug administration associated with 100% bioavailability:

INTRAVENOUS

TRINDER REACTION:

SALICYLATE

Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is particularly toxic to the

LIVER

Increased trough levels of AMINOGLYCOSIDES in the serum are often associated with toxic effects to the _____

KIDNEY

Aminoglycoside: ______ (toxic to ______) and _____ (damage _____)

NEPHROTOXIC, KIDNEYS; OTOTOXIC, EARS

Specimen appropriate for determining exposure to lead:

WHOLE BLOOD

HEROIN is synthesized from

MORPHINE

is the principal active component of MARIJUANA

TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL (THC)

ODOR OF BITTER ALMONDS:

CYANIDE POISONING

Garlic on breath, metallic taste on mouth. ARSENIC HAS HIGH AFFINITY TO _____. Analysis of urine, hair, and nails, using ion emission spectroscopy, is important for the diagnosis of chronic ARSENIC poisoning (Henry).

KERATIN

Total renal BLOOD flow:

1,200 mL/min

Total renal PLASMA flow:

600 to 700 mL/min

Glomerulus serves as nonselective filter (SIEVE) of plasma substances with MW of less than

70,000 daltons

Serum osmolarity:

275 to 300 mOsm

Urine osmolarity range:

50 and 1,400 mOsm

Normal person excretes approximately _______ in the form of titratable acid (H+) or ammonium ions (NH4+)

70 mEq/day of acid

Urine volume range ______ in 24 hours

600 to 2,000 mL

Urine volume average _____ in 24 hours

1,200 to 1,500 mL

Normal random urine pH:

pH 4.5 to 8

First morning urine pH:

5 to 6

1 g/dL protein, raise urine specific gravity by refractometer or urinometer by

0.003

1 g/dL glucose, raise urine specific gravity by refractometer or urinometer by

0.004

Calibration of refractometer using distilled water:

1.000

Calibration of refractometer using 5% NaCl:

1.022 ± 0.001

Urine protein:

less than 10 mg/dL or 100 mg/24 hours (Henry less than 150mg/24 hours)

Significant AER:

20 to 200 ug/min or 30 to 300 mg albumin/24 hours

Renal threshold for glucose is

160 to 180 mg/dL

Ketones:__ BHA, ___ AAA and___ Acetone

78% BHA 20% AAA 2% Acetone

Concentration of myoglobin must be at least _____ before a red pigmentation can be visualized

25 mg/dL

Ehrlich’s units (EU) are ____ to mg/dL

EQUAL

Normal values for the Addis count: ______ RBCs, ______ WBCs and epithelial cells and _______ hyaline casts in a 12-hour urine

0 to 500,000 RBCs, 0 to 1,800,000 WBCs, 0 to 5,000 hyaline casts

Centrifugation for urine microscopic exam:

400 RCF for 5 minutes

Volume of sediment, glass slide method 20 uL or 0.02 mL covered by _____ coverslip

22 x 22 mm

_____ RTE cells/hpf indicates tubular injury and specimens should be referred for cytologic urine testing

More than 2

Approximately ____ of CSF is produced every hour in the choroid plexuses and reabsorbed by the arachnoid villi

20 mL

CSF Total volume in adult:

newer edition Strasinger 90 to 150 mL (old edition 140 to 170 mL)

CSF Total volume in neonate:

10 to 60 mL

CSF Normal adult CSF: WBCs/uL

0 to 5 WBCs/uL

CSF Neonates: WBCs/uL

0 to 30 WBCs/uL

Reactive lymphocytes in CSF

viral infections

Moderately elevated WBC count (less than 50 WBCs/uL) with increased normal and reactive lymphocytes and plasma cells may be indicative of:

MS or other degenerating neurologic disorders

Increased eosinophils in CSF:

parasitic infections, fungal infections primarily COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS

CSF glucose is approximately ____ that of plasma glucose

60 to 70 percent

Normal CSF protein:

15 to 45 mg/dL

Normal concentration of glutamine in CSF:

8 to 18 mg/dL

Liquefaction within

30 to 60 minutes

Seminal fluid Volume

2 to 5 mL

Seminal fluid pH

7.2 to 8

Sperm morphology: should be evaluated

at least 200 sperms

Sperm viability test:

Modified Bloom's (eosin-nigrosin)

Sperm Motility is evaluate in approximately

20 high-power fields

Sperm concentration:

newer edition Strasinger >20 M to 250 M per mL (old edition: 20 M to 160 M per mL)

Sperm count

≥ 40 M per ejaculate*

Most common dilution is ___ prepared using a MECHANICAL (positive-displacement) rather than a Thoma pipette

1:20

Minimum motility of 50% with a rating of 2.0 after 1 hour is considered

normal

Fructose per ejaculate

≥ 13 umol

Specimens for fructose should be tested within _____ to prevent fructolysis

2 hours or FROZEN

RAPE, presence of sperm: - Enhancing specimen with ____ and examining under PHASE MICROSCOPY - ACP - Seminal glycoprotein p30 (prostatic specific antigen [PSA]), which is present even in the absence of sperm - ABO, DNA

XYLENE

Motile sperm can be detected for up to ___ after intercourse, whereas nonmotile sperm can persist for ___. As the sperm die off, only the heads remain and may be present for 7 days after intercourse.

24 hours; 3 days

Synovial Fluid Volume

less than 3.5 mL

Synovial Fluid Normal:

clear and pale yellow

Synovial Fluid able to form

4 to 6 cm string

Synovial Fluid RBC/uL

Less than 2,000 RBCs/uL

Synovial Fluid WBC/uL

Less than 200 WBCs/uL

Synovial Fluid Glucose less than ____ lower than the blood glucose

10 mg/dL

SEROUS FLUID: TRANSUDATES AND EXUDATES Most reliable differentiation:

Fluid-to-blood ratios for protein and LD

SEROUS FLUID: TRANSUDATES AND EXUDATES WBC counts greater than _____ and RBC counts greater than _____ are indicative of an exudate

1,000/uL; 100,000/uL

Pleural fluid cholesterol greater than 60 mg/dL or a pleural fluid to serum cholesterol ratio greater than 0.3 provides a reliable information that the fluid is an ____

exudate

Fluid to serum total bilirubin ratio of 0.6 or more indicates the presence of an ____

exudate

Pleural fluid pH lower than__ may indicate the need for chest-tube drainage, in addition to antibiotics in cases of pneumonia. The finding of pH as low as 6 indicates esophageal rupture that is allowing the influx of gastric fluid

7.3

RBC counts GREATER THAN 100,000/uL are indicative of

BLUNT TRAUMA INJURIES

Normal WBC counts are less than 500 cells/uL and the count increases with

bacterial peritonitis and cirrhosis

CA 125 antigen, source is from

OVARIES, FALLOPIAN TUBES or ENDOMETRIUM

Large intestine is capable of absorbing approximately ____ of water

3,000 mL

Most representative, for fecal fats; ___-day stool collection

Muscle fibers: slide is examined for 5 minutes. Only ______ fibers are counted, and the presence of more than 10 is reported as increased

undigested

Bleeding in excess of _______ of stool is considered pathologically significant

2.5 mL/150 gram

Normal stool pH is between

7 and 8

pH below 5.5 in cases of

CARBOHYDRATE DISORDERS

SCREENING PROCEDURE that is helpful in the diagnosis of many diseases, it is one indicator of the body’s ability to fight disease, it is used to MONITOR the effects of drug and radiation therapy, and it may be employed as an INDICATOR OF PATIENT’S PROGRESS in certain diseased states such as infection or anemia.

Complete Blood Count

Hematocrit: amount of plasma that still remains in RBC portion after the microhematocrit has been spun. Increased in macrocytic anemias, spherocytosis, thalassemia, hypochromic anemia and sickle cell anemia:

TRAPPED PLASMA

Hematocrit: When comparing spun hematocrit results obtained on an electronic cell counter, the spun hematocrit results vary from ___ HIGHER because of this trapped plasma (unless cell counter has been calibrated).

1 to 3% HIGHER

Hematocrit: Anticoagulated blood should be centrifuged within____ of collection when the blood is stored at room temperature.

6 hours

Hematocrit: Overanticoagulation: FALSELY ___ due to shrinkage of cells

FALSELY LOW

Hematocrit: ______ denote poor technique but do not affect the results

Air bubbles

Hematocrit: Incomplete sealing of the microhematocrit tubes: FALSELY ___

FALSELY LOW

Hematocrit: Inadequate centrifugation of the microhematocrit tubes or allowing the tubes to stand longer than several minutes after centrifugation: FALSELY ___

FALSELY ELEVATED

Hematocrit may be expressed in either of two ways (1) as percentage, e.g., 42% or (2) as a decimal point, e.g., 0.42.

WBC count: Count above 11 x 10 9th/L is termed

LEUKOCYTOSIS

WBC count: Mix the Thoma pipet for approximately 3 minutes (Brown) to ensure hemolysis and adequate mixing [Rodak 10 minutes] PLEASE FOLLOW RODAK, 10 MINUTES.

WBC count: Manual counts, no more than 10-cell variation between the four squares

Platelet count: Prolonged BT and poor clot retraction are found when there is

marked thrombocytopenia

Platelet count: EDTA: decreased platelet clumping but increased MPV

Platelet count: If concentration of EDTA exceeds 2mg/mL of whole blood, platelets may ______, causing invalidly higher count

SWELL AND THEN FRAGMENT

Platelet count: Using Rees-Ecker diluting fluid, the platelet count must be completed within 30 minutes of diluting in order to ensure against platelet _________

DISINTEGRATION

Platelet count: 1% ammonium oxalate, the dilution is stable for ____

8 hours

ESR: Macrocytes tend to settle ___ rapidly than microcytes

more rapidly

ESR: Anisocytosis and poikilocytosis: falsely ____ ESR

falsely lower

ESR: Agglutination: more rapid sedimentation rate

ESR: In severe anemia: ESR IS MARKEDLY INCREASED The ESR of patients with severe anemia is of little diagnostic value, because it will be falsely elevated.

Sugar water test: Citrated whole blood

Sugar water test: In anemia, the hemolysis may be slightly increased in PNH negative specimens

Sugar water test: Use of defibrinated blood may cause positive results due to the hemolysis of traumatized RBCs

Sugar water test: Test should be performed WITHIN 2 HOURS of obtaining the specimen

Sucrose hemolysis test: Citrated whole blood

Sucrose hemolysis test: Increased hemolysis (<10%) may be found in leukemia or myelosclerosis

Sucrose hemolysis test: PNH: 10% to 80% hemolysis

Acid serum test: Whole blood defibrinated

Acid serum test: When patient has received blood transfusions, less lysis occurs because of the presence of normal transfused red blood cells

Thyroxine conversion factor (µg/dL to nmol/L) 12.9

X-axis: HORIZONTAL, ABSCISSA, INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

Y-axis: VERTICAL, ORDINATE, DEPENDENT VARIABLES

UREA: Colorimetric: diacetyl [ inexpensive, lacks specificity]

UREA: Enzymatic: NH3 formation [greater specificity, more expensive]

CREATININE: Colorimetric: end point [simple, nonspecific]

CREATININE: Colorimetric: kinetic [rapid, increased specificity]

CREATININE: Enzymatic [measure ammonia colorimetrically or with ion-selective electrode]

URIC ACID: Colorimetric [problems with turbidity, several common drugs interfere]

URIC ACID: Enzymatic: UV [need special instrumentation and optical cells]

URIC ACID: Enzymatic: H2O2 [interference by reducing substances]

Constituents of a number of common foods, including BANANAS, VANILLA, TEA AND COFFEE, may react in the test for HMMA. HMMA is also VMA. 4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxymandelic acid (HMMA)

Laboratory personnel should be aware of the MECHANICAL HAZARDS of equipment such as CENTRIFUGES, AUTOCLAVES, and HOMOGENIZERS.

Third Taenia: Taenia asiatica or the Taiwan Taenia

Fungal elements fluoresce green with acridine orange

Reporting of normal urine crystals: reported as rare, few, moderate, or many per hpf

Abnormal crystals may be averaged and reported per lpf

Reagent for APT test: 1% NaOH

Infective stage of Leishmania to man: PROMASTIGOTE

Infective stage of Trypanosoma to man: TRYPOMASTIGOTE

Infective stage of Plasmodia to man: SPOROZOITES

Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis: ANGIOSTRONGYLUS CANTONENSIS

When an accident involving electrical shock occurs, the ELECTRICAL SOURCE MUST BE REMOVED IMMEDIATELY.

URINARY MEATUS: external urinary opening

POLYURIA: greater than 2.5 L/day in adults

OLIGURIA: less than 400 mL/day in adults

Yellow-orange specimen caused by the administration of phenazopyridine (brand name Pyridium) or azo-gantrisin compounds to people who have urinary tract infections [drug for UTI: orange and viscous urine]

CLINITEST tablets contain copper sulfate, sodium carbonate, sodium citrate, and sodium hydroxide

ACETEST provides sodium nitroprusside, glycine, disodium phosphate, and lactose in tablet form. The addition of lactose gives better color differentiation. Acetest tablets are hygroscopic; if the specimen is not completely absorbed within 30 seconds, a new tablet should be used.

Bence Jones protein coagulates at temperatures between 40°C and 60°C and dissolves when the temperature reaches 100°C.

Automated reagent strip readers: REFLECTANCE PHOTOMETRY

Casts have a tendency to locate NEAR THE EDGES OF THE COVER SLIP

Squamous epithelial cells: Rare, few, moderate, or many per LPF

Transitional epithelial cells: Rare, few, moderate, or many per HPF

RTE CELLS REPORTING: AVERAGE NUMBER PER 10 HPFS

MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES: Acid-albumin and the CTAB tests (+) thick, white turbidity

MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES: Metachromatic staining spot test: BLUE SPOT

Very slight amount of OXYHEMOGLOBIN: PINK CSF

Conversion of oxyhemoglobin to unconjugated bilirubin: YELLOW CSF

Heavy hemolysis: ORANGE CSF

Red or brown seminal fluid: BLOOD

Normal appearance of gastric fluid: PALE GRAY with mucus

Amniotic fluid OD 450: When BILIRUBIN is present, a rise in OD is seen at 450 nm because this is the wavelength of maximum bilirubin absorption.

Rare: 0–10 bacteria/hpf

Few: 10–50 bacteria/hpf

Moderate: 50–200 bacteria/hpf

Many: >200 bacteria/hpf

First layer of spun hematocrit: FATTY LAYER

Second layer of spun hematocrit: PLASMA

Third layer of spun hematocrit: BUFFY COAT

Bottom layer of spun hematocrit: PACKED CELLS

Patients with CML negative for the Philadelphia chromosome: POOR PROGNOSIS

LEUKOCYTOSIS >11 x 10 9th/L

Forward light scatter: CELL SIZE

Side light scatter: CELL GRANULARITY

KERATOCYTES: helmet cells/with horn-like projections

ANTI-dsDNA: most specific antibody for SLE

Anti-smooth muscle antibody (ASMA): CHRONIC ACTIVE HEPATITIS

Polymerase chain reaction: MOLECULAR

Restriction fragment length polymorphism: MOLECULAR

Enhanced by acidifying patient serum: anti-M

Wiener and coworkers gave a name to one such agglutinin, calling its antigen I for “individuality.” The ANTIBODY REACTED WITH MOST BLOOD SPECIMENS tested.

For patients with history of FEBRILE NONHEMOLYTIC TRANSF REACTION: LEUKOPOOR RBCs

Irradiation of blood components: CESIUM

CORDOCENTESIS, or PERCUTANEOUS UMBILICAL BLOOD SAMPLING (PUBS), results in a fetal blood specimen that can be used for rapid karyotyping or molecular studies.

Nuclear matrix protein (NMP-22): URINARY BLADDER CANCER

CARD PREGNANCY/POSITIVE: Two separate black or gray bands, one at T and the other at C, are visible in the results window, indicating that the specimen contains detectable levels of hCG. Although the intensity of the test band may vary with different specimens, the appearance of two distinct bands should be interpreted as a positive result.

CARD PREGNANCY/NEGATIVE: If no band appears at T and a black or gray band is visible at the C position, the test can be considered negative, indicating that a detectable level of hCG is not present.

CARD PREGNANCY/INVALID: If no band appears at C or incomplete or beaded bands appear at the T or C position, the test is invalid. The test should be repeated using another Card Pregnancy Test device.

CARD PREGNANCY: If the test band appears VERY FAINT, it is recommended that a new sample be collected 48 hours later and tested again using another Card Pregnancy Test device.

The standard screening method for HIV antibody has been the ELISA, and the standard confirmatory test is the Western blot.

Aside from Western blot, other confirmatory tests, including indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA), line immunoassays, and rapid confirmatory tests, have also been developed.

HBs ag: active infection

HBe ag: active hepatitis B with HIGH DEGREE OF INFECTIVITY

IgM anti-HBc: current or recent acute hepatitis B

Total anti-HBc: current or past hepatitis B

Anti-HBe: recovery from hepatitis B

Anti-HBs: immunity to hepatitis B

HBV DNA: acute, atypical, or occult hepatitis B; viral load may be used to monitor effectiveness of therapy

ITIS: inflammation

Length: METER

Mass: KILOGRAM

Time: SECONDS

Quantity of mass: MOLE

Electric current: AMPERE

Thermodynamic temperature: KELVIN

Luminous intensity: CANDELA

Main cause of TREND is DETERIORATION OF REAGENTS

Main cause of SHIFT is IMPROPER CALIBRATION OF THE INSTRUMENT

POCT: near-patient testing, decentralized testing, bedside testing and alternate-site testing

POCT: usually by nonlaboratorian personnel (nurses, respiratory therapists, etc)

Absorbance (A) = abc = 2-log%T

The bacteriological examination of water consists of (1) total plate counts (2) detecting the presence or absence of coliforms and the estimation of MPN (MOST PROBABLE NUMBER)

Water analysis, presumptive test: FORMATION OF GAS IN THE LACTOSE BROTH

Water analysis, confirmed test: FORMATION OF GAS IN BGBL BROTH or TYPICAL COLIFORM COLONIES ON EMB/ENDO AGAR

Water analysis, completed test: FORMATION OF ACID AND GAS IN THE LACTOSE BROTH and the DEMONSTRATION OF GRAM NEGATIVE NONSPOREFORMING BACILLI

Herpesviruses: cardinal feature of the group is LATENCY

Reoviruses: derivation of the word: R(respiratory), E(enteric), O(orphan)

ASCHOFF BODIES: rheumatic fever

CREOLA BODIES: cluster of columnar cells, bronchial asthma

ELEMENTARY BODIES: infectious particles of Chlamydia

SCLEROTIC BODIES: dark brown-black organisms, chromoblastomycosis

ASTEROID BODIES: concentric radiating eosinophilic material (ag-ab reaction), sporotrichosis

NEGRI BODIES: rabies

GUARNIERI BODIES: poxvirus

OWL’S EYE INCLUSION BODIES: cytomegalovirus

PSAMMOMA BODIES: elements with concentric striations of collagen-like materials, benign conditions, ovarian or thyroid carcinoma

KOPLIK’S SPOTS: MEASLES

Hand, foot and mouth disease: COXSACKIEVIRUS

In CYSTIC FIBROSIS of the pancreas, the increase in NEUTRAL FATS confer the greasy “BUTTER-STOOL” appearance.

PROGRESSIVE CHANGES: Hypertrophy - increase in size of an organ due to an increase in size of individual cells

PROGRESSIVE CHANGES: Hyperplasia - increase in size of an organ due to increase in number of cells

RETROGRESSIVE CHANGES: Hypoplasia - failure of an organ to reach mature size

RETROGRESSIVE CHANGES: Aplasia - organ is represented only by mass of fatty or fibrous nodule

RETROGRESSIVE CHANGES: Agenesia - complete non-appearance of an organ

RETROGRESSIVE CHANGES: Atresia - failure of an organ to form an opening

RETROGRESSIVE CHANGES: Atrophy - ACQUIRED decrease in size of a normally sized organ

DEGENERATIVE CHANGES: Dysplasia - change in size, shape and orientation of cell

DEGENERATIVE CHANGES: Metaplasia - change from one adult cell type to another

DEGENERATIVE CHANGES: Anaplasia or Dedifferentiation - change to a more primitive or embryonic cell type

DEGENERATIVE CHANGES: Neoplasia or Tumor - continuous abnormal proliferation of cells

MALIGNANT TUMOR: Carcinoma - malignant tumor of EPITHELIAL TISSUE origin

MALIGNANT TUMOR: Sarcoma - malignant tumor of CONNECTIVE TISSUE origin

PRIMARY SIGNS OF DEATH (3) Respiratory, circulatory and nervous failure

SECONDARY SIGNS OF DEATH (7) Algor mortis - cooling Rigor mortis - stiffening Liver mortis - purplish discoloration Desiccation Putrefaction Postmortem clotting Autolysis

CLASS SYSTEM Class I - absence of atypical cytologic picture Class II - atypical cytologic picture but no evidence of malignancy Class III - cytologic picture SUGGESTIVE BUT NOT CONCLUSIVE of malignancy Class IV - cytologic picture STRONGLY SUGGESTIVE of malignancy Class V - cytologic picture CONCLUSIVE of malignancy.

Visceral larva migrans (VLM): Toxocara cati, Toxocari canis

Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM): Ancylostoma braziliense, A. caninum

Infective stage is the sheathed filariform larva: HOOKWORM

Infective stage is the unsheathed filariform larva: THREADWORM

Semilunar cutting plates, BIPARTITE bursa: NECATOR AMERICANUS

Two pairs of teeth, TRIPARTITE bursa: ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE

Alkaline phosphatase immunoassay (APIA) for Schistosoma antibodies

NON-OPERCULATED AND MATURE (embryonated) when laid: SCHISTOSOMA eggs

OPERCULATED AND MATURE (embryonated) when laid: HETEROPHYES, OPISTORCHISand CLONORCHIS eggs

Clonorchis, Opistorchis and Heterophyid egg CANNOT be differentiated under an ordinary light microscope.

OPERCULATED AND IMMATURE (unembryonated) when laid: FASCIOLA, FASCIOLOPSIS, PARAGONIMUS and ECHINOSTOMA eggs

Amoebic LIVER abscess (ALA) is the most common extra-intestinal form of amoebiasis

Entamoeba polecki cyst: consistently UNINUCLEATED (1 NUCLEUS)

ACHROMATIC karyosomal granules: IODAMOEBA BUTSCHLII

Amoeboflagellate: NAEGLERIA

Granulomatous amoebic meningoencephalitis: ACANTHAMOEBA

Gay bowel syndrome: G. LAMBLIA

Entero-string/String test: G. LAMBLIA

K39 and FAST (Fast Agglutination Screening Test) for Leishmania

Rupture of RBCs every 72 hours: P. MALARIAE

Band trophozoite: P. MALARIAE

Amoeboid trophozoite: P. VIVAX

Crescent-shaped gametocytes: P. FALCIPARUM

Cyclospora cayetanensis: cyanobacterium-like body (CLB)

Circumoval Precipitin Test (COPT) SCHISTOSOMES

Sabin Feldman Dye test: TOXOPLASMA

Sheather sugar flotation technique: CRYPTOSPORIDIUM

Stool preservatives: formalin, Schaudinn’s solution, PVA (polyvinyl alcohol), MIF (merthiolate-iodine-formalin) and SAF (sodium acetate-acetic acid formalin)

Fecal concentration procedure (formalin-ether/ethyl acetate) FOUR LAYERS a) top layer of ether or ethyl acetate, b) a plug of fatty debris adherent to the wall of the tube, c) layer of formalin, and d) sediment.

DELAFIELD HEMATOXYLIN stain is mainly useful in demonstrating the detailed structures of MICROFILARIAE.

Iron conversion factor from conventional to SI (µmol/L): 0.179

Bilirubin conversion factor from conventional to SI (µmol/L): 17.1

Thyroxine conversion factor to SI (µg/dl to nmol/L): 12.9

Specimen collection & processing: Pre-analytical QA

Long-term accuracy of analytical methods: External QC

Abrupt change: Shift

Gradual change: Trend

One control value exceeds +2s and another exceeds -2s: R4s

2 consecutive ctrl values exceed the same mean +2s or -2s: 2:2s

Fixed-angle centrifuge advantages over the horizontal centrifuge: Lesser air friction, smaller increase in sample temperature, quicker sedimentation of small particles, and operated over higher speed

Used to determine whether there is statistically significant difference between the SD of 2 groups of data: f-test

Used to determine whether there is statistically significant difference between the means of 2 groups of data: t-test

Sample of known quantity with several analytes.: Control

Anticoagulant for cardiopulmonary bypass: Heparin

Basal state collection: Early morning blood collection

Uses 2 monochromators, affected by quenching: Fluorometry

Uses 2 photodetectors, for the sample beam and reference beam: Double – beam in space

Obsolete blood glucose methodologies: Folin- Wu, Nelson Somogyi

Chemical method for glucose, still widely used: Ortho-toluidine, condensation method

Test for chylomicrons, creamy layer on top: Standing plasma test

Apolipoprotein component of VLDL: Apo-B100

Transports exogenous triglycerides: Chylomicrons

Transports endogenous triglycerides: VLDL

Highest cholesterol content: LDL

One step method for cholesterol determination: Liebermann - Burchardt

Cholesterol esterase: Used in enzymatic method of cholesterol determination

CV of HDLc (NCEP Guidelines for Acceptable Measurement Error): ≤ 4%

Assay for Uric acid that uses mercury arc vapor lamp: Enzymatic: UV

Greater specificity and more expensive BUN assay: Enzymatic: ammonia formation

Simple, Nonspecific test for Creatinine determination : Colorimetric: end point

Categories of Azotemia: Pre-renal, Renal, Post-renal

Test used to assess the ability to conjugate bilirubin and secrete bile: SERUM BILIRUBIN LEVELS

Gamma spike/ Monoclonal gammopathy: Multiple myeloma

Beta-gamma bridging: Hepatic cirrhosis

Reaction rate is directly proportional to substrate concentration: First-order kinetics

Enzyme specific for both pancreas and salivary glands: Amylase

Clinically significant if decreased: Cholinesterase

Substrate used in Bowers-McComb method for ALP activity measurement: p-nitrophenylphosphate

Chief counterion of sodium: Chloride

Driving force of bicarbonate buffer system: CARBON DIOXIDE

Chloride and Bicarbonate relationship: Reciprocal

Confirmatory test for Acromegaly: Glucose suppression test

Increased in Hypothyroidism (primary): TSH

T3 uptake levels in Hypothyroidism : Decreased

Begins with patient identification and continues until testing is completed and the results are reported : Chain of custody

Requires whole blood EDTA sample: Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus tests

Method of choice for measuring antidepressants: HPLC

Gold standard for drug testing: GC-MS

Inhibits acetylcholinesterase: Organophosphates & Carbamates

Dissociable substance that yields hydrogen ions: Acid

Dissociable substance that yields hydroxyl ions: Base

Dissociable substance that accepts hydrogen ions: Base

Dissociable substance that accepts hydroxyl ions: Acid

Comparing patient’s results with previous results: Delta check

POCT is most often performed by nurses, perfusionists (who operate heart-lung machine during open heart surgery), respiratory therapists and physician themselves.

Expressed in Ehrlich units (mg/dl): Urobilinogen

Used to differentiate myoglobin and hemoglobin: Blondheim’s test

Degree of Hazard 1: Slight hazard

Degree of Hazard 2: Moderate hazard

Degree of Hazard 3: Serious hazard

Degree of Hazard 4: Extreme hazard

Handwashing: Clean between fingers 15 sec (or 20 sec , 6th ed), downward

When skin or eye contact occurs, the best first aid is to immediately: Flush the area with water for at least 15 minutes and then seek medical attention

Preservative of choice for urine cytology studies: Saccomano’s fixative

Urine specimen for Urobilinogen: Afternoon sample (2-4pm)

Storage conditions for reagent strip: Cool, dry place

Reagent incorporated in Ketone pad: Sodium nitroprusside

Hoesch Test: Ehrlich’s reagent in 6M HCl

Speckled pattern on blood parameter: Hematuria

Principle of Automated Reagent Strip Reader: Reflectance photometry

Soluble in dilute acetic acid: Red blood cells, amorphous phosphates, carbonates

Soluble in ether: Lipids, chyle, lymphatic fluid

Appear microscopically as yellow brown-granules and produce a characteristic pink sediment (brick dust), uroerythrin: AMORPHOUS URATES

Cause a white precipitate following specimen refrigeration: Amorphous phosphates

Tubular injury: 2 or more RTE cells per HPF

Telescoped sediment: Elements of glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome

Glitter cells: Neutrophils seen in hypotonic urine

Formation of casts: Hyaline→cellular→granular→waxy

Hyaline cast consists entirely of: Uromodulin

Crystals seen in liver disease: Bilirubin, tyrosine, leucine

Forms of Struvite: Coffin-lid, Feather-like, Fern-leaf, Prism, Colorless sheets, Flakes

Ethylene glycol poisoning: Monohydrate Calcium Oxalate (oval, dumbbell)

Most frequent parasite encountered in urine: Trichomonas vaginalis

Fecal contaminant in urine: Pinworm ova

Diluent for CSF WBC Count: 3% Glacial HAc with methylene blue

Precipitation test for CSF total protein: TCA and SSA

Positive for pellicle clot formation: Tubercular meningitis

Oligoclonal bonding in CSF bonding but not in serum → Multiple sclerosis, encephalitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome and neurosyphilis

Semen fructose test is not tested within 2 hours: Specimen must be FROZEN

Reagent used in Florence test which detects choline: Potassium iodide, Iodine

Used to assess sperm cell velocity and trajectory: Computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA)

Normal volume of synovial fluid: less than 3.5 ml

Normal synovial fluid glucose: <10mg/dl lower than blood glucose

Cells seen in synovial fluid which resembles polished rice macroscopically: Rice bodies

Type of effusion caused by congestive heart failure: Transudate

Sputum: Not a normal body fluid, tracheobronchial secretions

Important diagnostic test for Pneumocystic carinii in immunocompromised patients: Bronchoalveolar lavage

Tests for Neural Tube defects: AFP, acetylcholinesterase

Microviscosity test for fetal lung maturity: measured by FLUORESCENCE POLARIZATION

Green amniotic fluid: MECONIUM

Dark red-brown color of amniotic fluid: FETAL DEATH

Normal Gastric fluid appearance: PALE GRAY WITH MUCUS

Noninvasive test to determine gastric acidity: DIAGNEX TUBELESS TEST

Collagen-like material with concentric striations seen in ovarian and thyroid carcinomas: PSAMMOMA BODIES

Melena: BLACK AND TARRY STOOL

Laminar flow: Biosafety Cabinet class II

HEPA filter: Removes org > 0.3 um (bacteria, fungi)

Blood culture collection: 2-3 samples (Max. 3 BAILEY'S) at least 1 hour apart in 24 hours

Grade A milk: <75,000 bacteria per mL when raw, and <15,000 bacteria once pasteurized

Enteric agar: XLD, EMB, HEA

Rickettsial stains: Gimenez, Macchiavello

Concentration of Hydrogen Peroxide as disinfectant: 3% H2O2

MIO medium: Motility Indole Ornithine

Quaternary ammonium compounds are inactivated by: Organic substances

Fite-Faraco stain: Hematoxylin as counterstain instead of methylene, AFB

Sodium polyanethol sulfonate: Anti-phagocytic, anti-complement

Bromthymol blue as indicator: HEA, TCBS, Simmon’s citrate agar

Nasopharyngeal swabs: H. influenzae, N. meningitidis, B. pertussis

Inhibits gram-positive bacteria: Crystal violet and sodium desoxycholate (bile salt)

Inhibits gram-negative bacteria: Sodium azide, phenylethyl alcohol

Detects gram-negative endotoxin: Limulus lysate test

Protein A: Staphylococcus aureus, coagglutination

Slime layer production: Staphylococcus epidermidis

Protein M: Streptococcus pyogenes

Colonies with ground glass appearance: Legionella (Mahon)

Increased resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to aminoglycosides: Increased calcium and magnesium

Smallest free-living organism: Mycoplasma

Benchmarking: Comparison with peers

Histoplasma cross-reacts with: Blastomyces, Aspergillus and Coccidioides

Aman medium stain: Lactophenol cotton blue

Czapek’s medium: Isolation of Aspergillus

African histoplasmosis: Histoplasma duboisii

Test for Candida albicans that uses serum: Germ tube test

Chlamydospore production of Candida albicans: Cornmeal agar

Candidiasis infection affecting the oral cavity: Thrush

General isolation media for fungi: Saboraud’s dextrose agar

Major biologic hazard to laboratory personnel: Coccidioides immitis

Sensitive fungal (fluorescent) dye that binds to cell wall: Calcofluor white

Chromoblastomycosis: Sclerotic bodies

Rose gardener’s disease: Sporotrichosis

Eosinophilic material due to antigen-antibody reaction in cases of sporotrichosis: Asteroid body

Largest DNA virus: Poxvirus

Smallest DNA virus: Parvovirus

Largest RNA virus: Paramyxovirus

Smallest RNA virus: Enterovirus (Picornaviridae)

Cross reactive antigen in all human adenoviruses: Hexon

Gastroenteritis in children during winter months: Rotavirus

Nonbacterial gastroenteritis in adults: Norovirus

Toxic to HSV: Calcium alginate

Isolation medium for Cytomegalovirus: Human fibroblast cells

True amoeba: GENUS Entamoeba

Trophozoite with ingested red blood cell: Entamoeba histolytica

Trophozoite with ingested WBC: Entamoeba gingivalis

Gay bowel syndrome: Giardiasis

Cercaria minus a tail: Schistosomule

Infective stage of Diphyllobothrium latum: Plerocercoid larva

Resembles Diphyllobothrium latum adult: Spirometra

Passing of proglottids of Taenia: Irritated by ALCOHOL

Taenia spp. eggs: Hexacanth embryo with thick radial striations

Cercarial dermatitis: Schistosomes

Length of needle in routine phlebotomy: 1.0 – 1.5 inches

Angle of draw in venipuncture: 15 to 30 ° angle (15 degree angle)

The distance of drop of blood from the edge of the slide: 1 cm

Blood production outside the bone marrow: EXTRAmedullary hematopoiesis

Hematopoietic stem cell marker: CD 34

Common acute lymphocytic leukemia antigen: CD 10

Test for Hemoglobin S which uses black line: Dithionate solubility test

Starry sky pattern under low power imparted by numerous macrophages with apoptotic debris: Burkitt’s lymphoma

Granules (tertiary granules) present in Neutrophil: Alkaline phosphatase

Euglobulin clot lysis time: Screening test for fibrinolysis

Screening test for PNH: Sugar water screening test

Derived from RBC Histogram: MCV, RDW

Derived from Platelet Histogram: MPV, PDW

In cyanmethemoglobin method, all hemoglobin are measured, except: Sulfhemoglobin

Color of blood in sulfhemoglobinemia: Mauve lavender

Patient with PNH received blood transfusion: Less lysis due to the presence of normal RBCs transfused

Positive instrumental errors: Bubbles in the sample, extraneous electrical pulsesand aperture plugs (most common)

Negative instrumental error: Excessive lysing of RBCs

Instrumental error that is either a positive or negative error: Improper setting of aperture current or threshold

Purplish red pinpoint hemorrhagic spots: Petechiae

Blood escapes into SMALL areas of skin and mucous membrane: Purpura

Blood escapes into LARGE areas of skin, mucous membrane, and other tissues: Ecchymosis

Primary hemostasis: Vasoconstriction

Outer surface of platelet: Glycocalyx

Contains microtubules that maintains platelet shape: Sol-gel zone

Platelet estimate of 100,000 to 149,000/µL: Slight decrease

Platelet estimate of 150,000 to 199,000/µL: Low normal

Labile factors: Factors V and VIII

Prematurely activates at cold temperature: Factors VII FXI

Vitamin K-dependent factors: Factors II, VII, IX, X

Normal value for TEMPLATE bleeding time: 6 – 10 minutes

Christmas factor: Factor IX

Rosenthal syndrome: Factor XI deficiency

Platelet estimate of 401,000 to 599,000/µl: Slight increase

Platelet estimate of 600,000 to 800,000/µL: Moderate increase

A surgical connection between to structures, it usually means a connection that is created between tubular structures, such as blood vessels or loops of intestines: ANASTOMOSIS

Polyclonal antibodies used in immunohistochemical techniques are frequently derived from: RABBIT

Most rapid of the common freezing agents: LIQUID NITROGEN

General purpose fixative: 10% neutral buffered formalin

Protein fixation: Neutral buffered formol saline or formaldehyde vapor

Fixatives for nucleic acids: Ethanol, methanol and Carnoy’s solution

Amount of fixative used has been 10 to 25 times the volume of tissue to be fixed. Recently, the maximum effectiveness of fixation is noted to be 20 times the tissue volume.

Recommended ratio of fluid to tissue volume for DECALCIFICATION is 20 to 1

Amount of dehydrating agent should not be less than 10 times the volume of tissue

Dehydration: Low grade to high grade alcohol

Absence of water: WHITE anhydrous copper sulfate

Presence of water: BLUE anhydrous copper sulfate

Clearing: Dealcoholization

Most rapid embedding technique: Vacuum embedding

Automated tissue processor: Fix, dehydrate, clear, and infiltrate

Histochemical demonstration of ENZYMES: FROZEN SECTION

ACRIDINE ORANGE is the most commonly used fluorochrome to demonstrate DNA and RNA in fresh or fixed tissues.

Von Kossa’s silver nitrate method: Calcium salts = black

Red chromogen for peroxidases: Aminoethylcarbazole (AEC)

Brown chromogen for peroxidases: Diaminobenzidine (DAB)

Administrative investigation:2 members of board + 1 legal officer

Policies and guidelines for Med Tech Education: CMO no. 14 s. 2006

Accreditation of clinical lab for training MT interns: CMO no. 6 s. 2008

STAT, STATIM: Immediately

Biodegradable wastes: Green bag

CC Bishop REFERENCE METHOD FOR CHOLESTEROL AND TRIGLYCERIDES: GC-MS CHOLESTEROL: Abell-Kendall ➡️GC-MS TRIGLYCERIDE: Modification of van Handel and Zilversmit ➡️ GC-MS

CC Bishop CHOLESTEROL MEASUREMENT In the past, the reference method for cholesterol involved hexane extraction after hydrolysis with alcoholic KOH followed by reaction with Liebermann-Burchard color reagent, which comprises sulfuric and acetic acids and acetic anhydride. Recently, the reference method has changed to a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method that now specifically measures cholesterol and does not detect related sterols.

CC Bishop TRIGLYCERIDE MEASUREMENT Like the reference method for cholesterol, the CDC has recently switched to a GC–MS method that involves the hydrolysis of fatty acids on triglycerides and the measurement of glycerol.

Urine for routine urinalysis: 10 to 15 ml urine (50 ml-container capacity)

Urine for drug testing: 30 to 45 ml (60 ml-container capacity)

Urine for cytology: at least 50 ml urine (Gregorios)

Venipucture: 15 to 30 degree angle

Arterial puncture: 45 to 60 degree angle (90 degrees for femoral artery)

Before blood is collected from the radial artery in the wrist, one should do a MODIFIED ALLEN TEST to determine whether the ulnar artery can provide collateral circulation to the hand after the radial artery puncture.

Central Venous Assess (CVA) collection: eliminates multiple phlebotomies and surgical situations. Five (5) ml of blood must be drawn and discarded to eliminate contaminants. CVA is not recommended for bacteriology (organisms can contaminate specimen)

Order of draw from CATHETER LINES: First 3 to 5 ml blood is discarded THEN, blood culture, anticoagulated tubes and clot tubes.

Donor bleeding: 45 degree angle to the skin, make a quick clean puncture; once in the skin, reduce the angle of the needle to about 10 to 20 degrees

Anaerobic and require ICE slurry (immediate cooling): Lactic acid, ammonia, blood gas (if not analyzed within 30 min = ↓ pH, and po2), iCa+2 (heparinized whole blood if not analyzed within 30 min)

C-Peptide test: evaluates hypoglycemia and continuous assessment of beta cell function

Increased C-peptide: Insulinoma, type 2 DM, ingestion of hypoglycemic drugs

Decreased C-peptide: Type 1 DM

Colorimetric method for Triglycerides: van Handel and Zilversmith

CDC reference method for TAG: Modified van Handel and Zilversmith ➡️GC-MS

Fluorometric method for Triglycerides: Hantzch condensation

Largest and least dense: CHYLOMICRONS

Smallest but the most dense: HDL

Found in obstructive jaundice and LCAT deficiency: Lipoprotein X

Floating beta lipoprotein: β-VLDL

Sinking pre-beta lipoprotein: Lp (a)

Triglycerides, LDLc: FASTING 12 to 14 hours

Formula for LDLc: Total cholesterol – HDL – VLDL

Friedewald VLDLc (mmol/L): Triglycerides/2.175

De Long VLDLc (mmol/L): Triglycerides/2.825

Friedewald VLDLc (mg/dL): Triglycerides/5

De Long VLDLc (mg/dL): Triglycerides/6.5

ONE-STEP direct method for cholesterol: LIEBERMANN-BURCHARDT (L-B)

One-step method for cholesterol: Colorimetry (Pearson, Stern and MacGavack)

Two-step method for cholesterol: C + Extraction (Bloors)

Three-step method for cholesterol: C+ E + Saponification (Abell-Kendall)

Four-step method for cholesterol: C + E + S + Precipitation (Schoenheimer, Sperry, Parekh and Jung)

REFERENCE METHOD FOR CHOLESTEROL: Abell-Kendall ➡️GC-MS (Bishop)

REFERENCE METHOD FOR TRIGLYCERIDE: Modification of van Handel and Zilversmit ➡️GC-MS (Bishop)

TANGIER’S DISEASE: HDL is abnormal and significantly reduced

Activated at cold temperature: Factors VII and XI (seven, eleven)

Labile factors, decrease on storage: Factors V and VIII (five, eight)

Wintrobe tube: 11.5 cm long, 3 mm bore

Westergren tube: 30 cm long, 2.5 mm bore

Capillary tube: 7 to 7.5 cm (70-75 mm) long, 1 mm bore (1.2 mm)

Macrohematocrit: Centrifuge at 2,000 to 2,300 g for 30 minutes

Microhematocrit: Centrifuge at 10,000 to 15,000 g for 5 minutes (five minutes)

Normocytic, normochromic: Acute blood loss, hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia

Microcytic, hypochromic: Anemia of chronic disease, thalassemia, IDA and sideroblastic anemia

Macrocytic, normochromic: MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA

Poikilocytosis: DECREASED ESR

Correction for WBC count, Adult: 5 or more nucleated RBCs/100 WBC differential

Correction for WBC count, Neonate: 10 or more nucleated RBCs/100 WBC differential

Increased EDTA: Decreased hematocrit, decreased ESR

Hemoglobinopathies: QUALITATIVE defect in hemoglobin

Thalassemia: QUANTITATIVE defect in hemoglobin

Responsible for clot retraction: THROMBOSTHENIN

Electromechanical detection of fibrin clot: FIBROMETER

Photo-optical detection: Electra, COAG-A-MATE, Ortho-Koagulab

Stains for the BASEMENT MEMBRANE: PAS and azocarmine

Complement-dependent cytotoxicity: INVERTED PHASE CONTRAST microscope

Fixatives for H & E: All fixatives can be used except those that contain osmic acid. Osmic acid (like Flemming’s) inhibits hematoxylin

Manual H & E staining: REGRESSIVE STAINING, it includes a differentiation step

Harris hematoxylin: Primary/Basic/Nuclear stain

Eosin: Secondary/Counterstain/Acid/Cytoplasmic stain

Stain of choice for cytology: ORIGINAL Pap’s stain

Pap’s stain consists of 3 stains: Harris hematoxylin, Orange green (OG6) and Eosin Azure (EA)

Harris hematoxylin: stains the nucleus

OG 6: stains the cytoplasm of mature cells (superficial cells)

EA 36/50/65: stains the cytoplasm of immature cells (parabasal, intermediate cells)

LEGACY OF PAMET PRESIDENTS: FIRST PRESIDENT: Charlemagne T. Tamondong "Emergence of the Profession" (1963-1967)

LEGACY OF PAMET PRESIDENTS: Nardito D. Moraleta "Professional Recognition" (1967-1970)

LEGACY OF PAMET PRESIDENTS: Felix E. Asprer "Legislative Agenda" (1970-1971, 1973-1976)

LEGACY OF PAMET PRESIDENTS: Bernardo T. Tabaosares "Celebration of the Practice" (1971-1973)

LEGACY OF PAMET PRESIDENTS: Angelina R. Jose "Career Advocacy" (1973)

LEGACY OF PAMET PRESIDENTS: Venerable C.V. Chua (Venerable OCA) "Educational Enhancement" (1977-1981)

LEGACY OF PAMET PRESIDENTS: Carmencita P. Acedera "Image Building" (1982-1991)

LEGACY OF PAMET PRESIDENTS: Marilyn R. Atienza "Proactivism" (1992-1996)

LEGACY OF PAMET PRESIDENTS: Norma N. Chang "International Leadership" (1997-2000)

LEGACY OF PAMET PRESIDENTS: Agnes B. Medenilla "Organizational Dynamism" (2001-2002, 2005-2006)

LEGACY OF PAMET PRESIDENTS: Shirley F. Cruzada "Interdisciplinary Networking" (2003-2004)

LEGACY OF PAMET PRESIDENTS: Leila M. Florento "Beyond Expectations" (2007-2012)

LEGACY OF PAMET PRESIDENTS: Romeo Joseph J. Ignacio "Soar Higher through V.O.I.C.E." Visibility, Oneness, Integrity, Commitment and Excellence (2013 - 2015)

LEGACY OF PAMET PRESIDENTS: Ronaldo E. Puno (2015-2020)

LEGACY OF PAMET PRESIDENTS: Rommel Saceda (2020-2022)

LEGACY OF PAMET PRESIDENTS: CURRENT PAMET PRESIDENT IS MA'AM LUELLA VERTUCIO (2020 to present)

FATHER OF PAMET: CRISANTO ALMARIO

PAMET was originally organized on SEPTEMBER 15, 1963

PAMET HYMN Music: Francis Jerota Pefanco

PAMET HYMN Lyrics: Hector Gentapanan Gayares, Jr.

Current PAMET President: Ma'am Luella Vertucio

Current PASMETH President: Dean Jose Jurel Nuevo

Board of MT Head: Dr. Marilyn Barza

Board of MT Member: Ma'am Leila Lani Florento

PRC CHAIRPERSON: Atty. Charito Zamora

DOH SECRETARY Dr. Teodoro Herbosa

BIPHASIC MEDIUM/CASTANEDA BOTTLES: BRUCELLA

CIN medium: Y. enterocolitica

CCFA: C. difficile

BCYE medium: Legionella

HBT medium: Gardnerella

ssDNA: Parvovirus

dsRNA: Reovirus

Smallest RNA virus: Enterovirus (Picornaviridae)

Acid-resistant: Enterovirus

Acid-sensitive: Rhinovirus

KOPLIK’S SPOTS: MEASLES

Measles: RUBEOLA

German measles: RUBELLA

Chickenpox: VARICELLA

Odor of bitter almonds: CYANIDE

Garlic on breath, metallic taste on mouth: ARSERNIC

A blood alcohol level in the range of 80 mg/dL has been established as the statutory limit for operation of a motor vehicle in the United States. This is associated with a diminution of judgment and motor performance. The determination of blood ethanol concentration by the laboratory in cases of drunk driving requires an appropriate chain of custody, documentation of quality control, and proficiency testing records.

Potentiometry: measurement of pH and pCO2

Amperometry: measurement of pO2

High affinity to keratin: ARSENIC

Visible region: 400 to 700 nm

UV region <400 nm

Infrared region > 700 nm

Cholesterol, acceptable CV ≤ 3%

Triglyceride, acceptable CV ≤ 5%

HDLc, LDLc acceptable CV ≤ 4%

OBESE BMI ≥ 30 kg/sq.m. [ASIA-PACIFIC 25]

Overweight BMI 25 to 29.9 kg/sq.m.

Underweight BMI < 18.5 kg/sq.m.

BASAL STATE: early morning before the patient has eaten or become physically active

STAT for the Latin word statim meaning immediately. Tests that fall into this category include: Glucose in diabetic ketoacidosis Some drug levels such as theophylline Amylase in suspected pancreatitis CK in suspected MI Hematocrit Blood gases Potassium

CRITICAL VALUES or PANIC VALUES: list of analytes that truly do have the potential to be lethal if unchecked for a short period.

SCHILLING TEST: Laboratory determination of vitamin B12 absorption

Hemostatic mechanisms comprise four (4) main systems: the vascular system, platelets, coagulation system and fibrinolytic system.

OSMOLALITY Osmolality = 2Na + ( Glucose/20 ) + ( BUN/3 ) Osmolality = 1.86Na + ( Glucose/18 ) + ( BUN/2.8 ) + 9

ANION GAP (AG) AG = Na - (Cl + HCO3) AG = (Na + K) – (Cl + HCO3)

NORMAL URINARY CRYSTALS: Uric acid is alkali soluble

NORMAL URINARY CRYSTALS: Amorphous urates - soluble in alkali and heat

NORMAL URINARY CRYSTALS: CaOx - soluble in dilute HCl

NORMAL URINARY CRYSTALS: Amorphous phosphates - soluble in dilute acetic acid

NORMAL URINARY CRYSTALS: Calcium phosphate - soluble in dilute acetic acid

NORMAL URINARY CRYSTALS: Triple phosphate - soluble in dilute acetic acid

NORMAL URINARY CRYSTALS: Ammonium biurate - soluble in acetic acid with heat

NORMAL URINARY CRYSTALS: Calcium carbonate - forms gas from acetic acid

ABNORMAL URINARY CRYSTALS: Cystine is soluble in ammonia, dilute HCl

ABNORMAL URINARY CRYSTALS: Cholesterol is soluble in chloroform

ABNORMAL URINARY CRYSTALS: Leucine is soluble in hot alkali or alcohol

ABNORMAL URINARY CRYSTALS: Tyrosine is soluble in alkali or heat

ABNORMAL URINARY CRYSTALS: Bilirubin is soluble in acetic acid, HCl, NaOH, ether and chloroform

ABNORMAL URINARY CRYSTALS: Sulfonamides soluble in acetone

ABNORMAL URINARY CRYSTALS: Radiographic dye soluble in 10% NaOH

ABNORMAL URINARY CRYSTALS: Ampicillin crystals form bundles when refrigerated

F. tularensis is a very small, strictly aerobic, coccoid to pleomorphic rod-shaped, gram-negative bacillus that requires CYSTINE or CYSTEINE for growth

Legionella spp. may be isolated on BCYE agar supplemented with growth factors, including L-CYSTINE, FERRIC SALT, AND Α-KETOGLUTARATE.

Bordetella spp. are strictly aerobic, nonfermentative, catalase-positive, minute coccobacilli requiring NICOTINIC ACID, CYSTEINE, and usually METHIONINE for growth.

MEDICAL MALPRACTICE is misconduct or lack of skill by a health-care professional that results in injury to the patient.

NEGLIGENCE, which is defined as failure to give reasonable care by the health-care provider, must be proven in a malpractice suit.

SERUM or PLASMA is the specimen of choice for the determination of circulating concentrations of most drugs.

Analysis for the presence of ABUSED SUBSTANCES has focused primarily on the use of URINE as the test sample of choice. The urine specimen represents the net load of the drug over a long period, whereas the blood sample provides only a quick picture of the drug level at a specific time. DRUGS OF ABUSE, CALBREATH

CHAIN OF CUSTODY Processing steps for such specimens—initial collection, transportation, storage, and analytical testing— must be documented by careful record keeping. Documentation ensures that there has been no tampering with the specimen by any interested parties, that the specimen has been collected from the appropriate person, and that the results reported are accurate. Each step of the COLLECTION, HANDLING, PROCESSING, TESTING, AND REPORTING PROCESSES must be documented; this is called the chain of custody.

RICE BODIES are fragments of degenerating proliferative synovial cells or microinfarcted synovium.

OCHRONOTIC SHARDS, ground pepper appearance from pigmented cartilage fragments may be the result of a metabolic disorder (i.e., ochronosis).

PROBLEMS: RBCs appear gray, WBCs are too dark, eosinophil granules are gray, not orange. CAUSES: Stain or buffer too alkaline (most common), inadequate rinsing, prolonged staining, heparinized blood sample.

PROBLEMS: RBCs are too pale or are RED, WBCs are barely visible. CAUSES: Stain or buffer too acidic (most common), underbuffering (too short), over-rinsing.

HBeAg indicates HIGH INFECTIVITY.

CORDOCENTESIS, or percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS).

SPECIAL URINE PRESERVATIVES: Formaldehyde – for Addis count

SPECIAL URINE PRESERVATIVES: HCl – for epinephrine, norepinephrine, catecholamines, vanillylmandelic acid

SPECIAL URINE PRESERVATIVES: Glacial acetic acid pH 4.5 – for aldosterone

SPECIAL URINE PRESERVATIVES: Sodium carbonate – for porphyrins and urobilinogen (to ensure alkalinity)

SPECIAL URINE PRESERVATIVES: Glacial acetic acid pH 2.0 – for serotonin

SPECIAL URINE PRESERVATIVES: Conc. HCl – for steroids, ammonia, urea, total nitrogen

SPECIAL URINE PRESERVATIVES: Chloroform – for aldosterone

SPECIAL URINE PRESERVATIVES: Sulfuric acid – preserves calcium and other inorganic constituents

SPECIAL URINE PRESERVATIVES: Sodium fluoride or benzoic acid – ideal for glucose analysis, prevents glycolysis

TYPES OF HUMAN STEM CELLS Functionally, three types of human stem cells exist: 1. Totipotential stem cells These cells are present in the first few hours after an ovum is fertilized. Totipotential stem cells, the most versatile type of stem cell, can develop into any human cell type, including development from embryo into fetus. 2. Pluripotential stem cells These cells are present several days after fertilization. Pluripotent stem cells can develop into any cell type, except they cannot develop into a fetus. 3. Multipotential stem cells These cells are derived from pluripotent stem cells. They can be found in adults, but they are limited to specific types of cells to form tissues. For example, bone marrow stem cells can produce all types of blood cells, bone cartilage, and adipose (fat) cells.

Rheumatic fever, which is manifested by fever, endocarditis (inflammation of heart muscle), subcutaneous nodules, and polyarthritis, usually follows respiratory tract infections and is thought to be mediated by antibodies produced against S. pyogenes M protein that cross-react with human heart tissue. Acute glomerulonephritis, characterized by edema, hypertension, hematuria, and proteinuria, can follow respiratory or cutaneous infections and is mediated by antigen-antibody complexes that deposit in glomeruli, where they initiate damage.

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PUBLISHED STANDARDS FOR: 1. GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE (GMP) 1999 2. GOOD CLINICAL PRACTICE (GCP) 1995 3. GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE (GLP) 2001

Additional information: FUNCTIONS OF THE DANGEROUS DRUGS BOARD - The Dangerous Drugs Board. – The Board shall be the policy-making and strategy-formulating body in the planning and formulation of policies and programs on drug prevention and control.

Highest CK

Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)

Highest LD

Pernicious anemia

Killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) system. KIRs are one of several types of cell surface molecules that regulate the activity of NK lymphocytes. Alloreactive NK cells have been shown to mediate a graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) reaction and prevent relapse after transplantation for certain types of hematologic malignancies.

Noted, these alloreactive NK cells have been shown to mediate a graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) reaction and prevent relapse after transplantation for certain types of hematologic malignancies.

SMART Flashcards

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