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Spinal anatomy > Embryology Unit 2 Test > Flashcards

Embryology Unit 2 Test Flashcards

1
Q

Fertilization of the female egg by the male sperm takes place where

A

Distal 1/3 rd of Fallopian tubes (ampulla)

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2
Q

What occurs while the fertilized egg is traveling down the uterine tube

A

Divides by 2^n

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3
Q

How long does it take for the fertilized egg to reach the uterus

A

7 to 8 days, one week

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4
Q

During fertilization, the sperm penetrates what

A

The mature ovum

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5
Q

The sperm and egg fuse to form what

A

The zygote

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6
Q

How many chromosomes in the egg

A

23

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7
Q

How many chromosomes in sperm

A

23

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8
Q

How many chromosomes in zygote

A

46

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9
Q

What does the egg release when in the uterus to help penetrate the endometrial lining

A

Proteolytic enzyme

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10
Q

When does the embryo begin to develop

A

After penetrating the endometrium of the uterus and the hole closes up

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11
Q

What is ectopic pregnancy

A

When the embryo develops outside of the uterus

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12
Q

What are the first two main structures to begin developing in embryo

A

Spine (nervous system) and heart (vascular system)

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13
Q

What is the germ disc

A

The round egg in the endometrial layer that flattens out

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14
Q

What is the neural streak

A

The ectodermal floor of the amniotic cavity thickens and the center of the midline creases

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15
Q

What is the neural groove

A

The neural streak invaginates (folds in)

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16
Q

What is the beginning of the overall nervous system in the embryo

A

Neural groove

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17
Q

What is the mesoderm

A

Middle embryonic layer of tissue

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18
Q

The mesoderm surrounds what

A

The amniotic cavity

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19
Q

Where does the mesoderm come together

A

Under or anterior to the neuroectoderm tissue

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20
Q

The mesoderm becomes what

A

The cephalad (head) portion of the embryo

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21
Q

Another name for the cephalad head formed by mesoderm

A

Primitive node or hensen’s node

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22
Q

Function of notochord

A

Form the guid for further spinal development

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23
Q

How does the notochord form

A

From hensen’s node, cells migrate or elongate to the causal forming the notochord

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24
Q

Other name for notochord

A

Chorda dorsalis

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25
When does the spine form in the embryo
2nd embryonic week between the 10th and 14th day
26
What mesodermal cells line up on either side of the notochord as spine forms
Somites
27
How many pairs of somite pairs of notochord
42 to 44
28
The somites eventually become what
Vertebral bodies
29
The first four pairs of somites become
The occipital
30
The 7 pair become what
Cervical vertebrae
31
12 pair will become
Thoracic vertebrae
32
5 pair will become the
Sacral segments
33
8 to 9 pair will become
Coccygeal segments
34
Any remaining pairs of somites will become
Absorbed or disappear
35
The neural crest cells will into what
The posterior dorsal root ganglion and spinal nerves, ganglia of the cranial nerves, cranial nerves, ganglia of the autonomic nervous system, adrenal medulla, meninges of the spinal cord and brain, meisner’s and auerbauch’s plexus.
36
What happens to the somites of the third embryonic week
Somites will split in their center at an area called the fissure of von bender
37
What happens to the superior half of the somites
Move cephalad and unite with the inferior half of the somite migrating caudad
38
What will happen to the inferior half of the somite
Will move caudad and unite with the superior half of the somite below the migrating cephalad
39
What is the sclerotome
The superior portion of one half somite fused with and the inferior portion of one half of another somite
40
Myotomes are
Somites for muscles
41
Dermatomes are what
Somites for skin
42
What is a mesenchyme
Rest of connective tissue
43
During the 4th embryonic week, what happens to the sclerotomes
Change into cartilage
44
After the sclerotomes change into cartilage, the cartilage surrounds what
The notochord
45
After the cartilage surrounds the notochord during the 4th embryonic week, what happens
Squeezes the notochord causing it to push superiorly and inferiorly
46
The squeezed notochord will bunch up between the cartilage and will become what
Part of the nucleleus pulposis of the intervertebral disc
47
What are the three stages of vertebral development
Mesenchymal stage, chondrification, ossification
48
What is the alternative name of mesenchymal stage
Primordial or primordium stage
49
What occurs during the mesenchymal stage
Beginning of vertebral development, somites form and sclerotomes develop
50
When does the mesenchymal stage occur
Last from the second to third embryonic week
51
When does the chondrification stage occur
Begins the fourth embryonic week
52
Where does chondrification stage occur
Begins overall in the cervicothoracic region then proceeds upward and downward
53
Chondrification begins in what number of ares of the vertebra
4
54
What are the four areas of the vertebra the chondrification occurs
1 in each half of the vertebral arch (pedicolaminal junction) 1 in each Half of the vertebral body, on each side of notochord
55
What occurs during the 6th embryonic week in the chondrification stage
2 more centers will develop at what will be the TVP area
56
what is stage three of the vertebral development
ossification (bone forming)
57
when does the ossification stage begin
7th and 9th embryonic week
58
ossification of the vertebral bodies begins where
the thoracolumbar areas of the spine and proceed upwards and downwards
59
ossification of the vertebral arches begins where
at the cervicothoracic regions of the spine and proceeds upward and downward
60
what are the two types of ossification
primary and secondary
61
what is primary ossification
begins prior to birth but may not complete till after birth
62
what is secondary ossification
begins after birth
63
when does secondary ossification usually occur
between ages 12 - 20
64
how many primary ossification centers in the atlas (C1)
three
65
what are the three primary ossification centers in C1
one in each lateral mass (2), one in the anterior arch
66
the axis is also known as
C2 or epistropheus
67
how many primary ossification centers in C2
5
68
how many secondary ossification centers in C2
2
69
Where are the primary ossification centers in C2
1 in each half of the vertebral arch (2), 1 in center of vertebral body, 2 at the base of the odontoid process
70
when does the secondary ossification centers in C2 begin and end
age 2 to 12
71
where are the secondary ossification centers in C2
one located in the apex of the odontoid process, one located at the bottom of the anterior portion of the body called the anterior inferior lip
72
what is persistant epiphysis
any failure of fusion of an ossification center, either primary or secondary
73
what is os odontoidium
failure of fusion of the primary center of ossification in which the odontoid process fails to fuse with the body of the axis
74
what is os terminale
failure of fusion of the secondary center of ossification in which the tip (apex) of the odontoid fails to fuse with the rest of the odontoid (dens) process
75
how many total ossification centers in C3 through T12
8 in each vertebrae
76
how many primary ossification centers in C3 through T12
3
77
what are the primary ossification centers in C3 through T12
one in center of each vertebra, one in each half of the posterior arch
78
how many secondary ossification centers in C3 through T12
5
79
what are the secondary ossification centers in C3 through T12
one in each epiphyseal plate (2), one in tip of each transverse process (2), one in tip of spinous process
80
how many total ossification centers in the lumbar region
10
81
how many primary ossification centers in lumbar
5
82
what are the primary ossification centers in lumbar
one in center of vertebral body, one in each half of vertebral arch, one in each mamillary process
83
how many secondary ossification centers in the lumbar
5
84
what are the secondary ossification centers in the lumbar
one in each epiphyseal plate, one in each transverse process, one in tip of SP
85
how many total centers of ossification in sacrum
49
86
how many primary ossification centers in sacrum
37
87
how many secondary ossification centers in sacrum
12
88
how many total ossification centers in coccyx
4
89
how many primary ossification centers in coccyx
4
90
how many secondary ossification centers in coccyx
zero
91
when do the primary ossification centers in the coccyx develop
develop one every 5 years and will be fused between ages 25 to 30

Spinal anatomy (18 decks)

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