Unit Four Exam Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
Nervous tissue consists of
A
Cell body, dendrites and axons
2
Q
Function of nervous system
A
Senses stimuli and transmits signals called nerve impulses from one part to another
3
Q
What signals are transmitted in nervous tissue
A
Nerve impulses
4
Q
The fundamental functional unit of the nervous system is the
A
Neuron
5
Q
Another name for cell body
A
Soma, perikarion
6
Q
Majority of the axons are enveloped in coverings called
A
Myelin or neurilemma
7
Q
Myelin is
A
A single layer of phospholipids
8
Q
Neurilemma is
A
Multilayered myelin sheaths for larger axons
9
Q
What is a synapse
A
One nerve axons comes together with the dendrite of another nerve
10
Q
What is monosynapses
A
Only two nerves involved
11
Q
What are polysynapses
A
More than two nerves are involved
12
Q
What are afferent nerves
A
Conduct nerve impulses from periphery to the CNS
13
Q
What are efferent nerves
A
Conducts nerve impulses from the CNS to the periphery
14
Q
Interneurons AKA
A
Association neurons
15
Q
What are interneurons
A
Nerves that form a network of interconnecting neurons that connect the afferent nerves to the efferent nerves
16
Q
Where are interneurons
A
Inside the spinal cord
17
Q
What are the two types of nervous systems
A
CNS and PNS
18
Q
What part of the CNS is a direct continuation of the brain
A
Encephalon
19
Q
The spinal cord is called
A
Medulla spinalis
20
Q
Spinal cord begins at
A
Foramen magnum
21
Q
Spinal cord ends at
A
Conus medularis
22
Q
Where in the adults spine does the conus medullaris occur
A
L1/L2
23
Q
Where in Childrens spine does the conus medullaris occur
A
L3/L4
24
Q
What are the two major enlargements of the spinal cord
A
Cervical and lumbar
25
Where is the cervical enlargement
C4-T1
26
What gives rise to the brachial plexus
Cervical enlargement
27
Where is the largest circumference of the cervical enlargement
C5/C6
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Where is the lumbar enlargement
T9/L2
29
What gives rise to the sacral plexus and cauda equina
Lumbar enlargement
30
Where is the largest circumference of the lumbar enlargement
T12
31
What is larger lumbar or cervical
Cervical
32
What are ganglion
Nerve cells bodies located outside the CNS
33
What are dorsal root ganglion
Located inside the IVF
34
Where does the Nerve C1 arise from
Between occiput and atlas
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C8 nerve arises from
Between C7 and T1
36
Where do the nerves arise from
Below the respective vertebrae
37
Function of meninges
Protect and stabilize the CNS
38
What are the three layers of the meninges
Duramater, arachnoid, piamater
39
Inner most meninges
Pita mater
40
Aka of Pia
Tender mother
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Describe pia mater
Thin and delicate
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What is the inner part of pia mater
Pia-glia or pia intima
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Describe pia glia
Avascular and adherens to the spinal cord
44
What is the outer part of pia mater
Epi pia
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What layers surround the spinal cord and spinal nerves to IVF
Inner and outer part of pia mater
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Epi pia description
Contains blood vessels
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When Epi Pia attaches to dura matter as
Dentiuclate (dentate) ligaments
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What is the space between pia and arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space
49
What is in subarachnoid space
CSF
50
Describe arachnoid
Totally avascular
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Arachnoid continues to
S2
52
What is leptomeninges
Both pia and arachnoid mater together
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Subdural space contains
Interstitial fluid
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Aka of dura mater
Theca or pachymenix
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Dura mater continues to
S2
56
Dura mater attaches to the
Foramen magnum, posterior aspect of vertebral body of C2 and C3
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Dura mater attaches to PLL by means of
Hofmanns ligaments
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Epidural space contains
Fat, loose CT, extensive epidural venous plexus (batsons plexus)
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Where does the epidural anesthesia get placed
Epidural space
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Function of dentiuclate ligament
Stabilizes meninges so they do not fold upon one another
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What is the film terminale
Helps anchor the spinal cord in place
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AKA of filum terminale
Central ligament of spinal cord, coccygeal ligament
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Where is the filum terminale
Extends from conus medullaris to 1st coccygeal segment
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Filum terminale is made up of
All meninges layers until S2 then only pia mater to coccyx
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Where do cell bodies and synapses occur
Gray matter
66
Cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons are found in the
Gray matter
67
The synapses between sensory and motor and interneurons occurs in the
Gray matter
68
Upper motor neuron lesions involves the
CNS
69
Hyper reflexia is
Spastic paralysis- inability to move an extremity due to spastic muscles and increased deep tendon reflexes
70
Lower motor neuron lesions involve the
PNS
71
Hypo reflexia or a reflexia is
Flaccid paralysis- loss of muscle tone and absences of tendon reflexes
72
How many pairs of PNS spinal nerves
31
73
PNS pairs contain both
Sensory and motor nerves
74
How many pairs of PNS exit through bony foramen
29
75
Each spinal nerve is formed by the convergence of
Dorsal root and ventral root within the IVF
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Out of IVF, spinal nerve divides into
Dorsal ramus and ventral ramus
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What is the posterior primary division
Dorsal ramus
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What is the anterior primary division
Ventral ramus
79
Spinal nerves are named based on
Cord level of their origin
80
How many pairs of cervical nerves
8
81
How many pairs of thoracic nerves
12
82
How many pairs of lumbar nerves
5
83
How many pairs of sacral nerves
5
84
How many pairs of coccygeal nerves
1
85
Dorsal ramus innervates
Skin and deep muscles of the back and neck
86
Ventral ramus innervates
Ventrolateral aspect of the trunk and the extremities
87
Dorsal roots are what type of fibers
Afferent fibers (sensory)
88
Ventral roots are what type of fibers
Efferent (motor)
89
Cervical spinal nerves exit above or below their vertebrae
Above
90
Do the thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal spinal nerves exit above or below their vertebrae
Below
91
What is a plexus
A group of nerves that come together as one
92
What are the three major plexus in the spine
Cervical, brachial and lumbosacral
93
What forms the cervical plexus
Ventral rami of C1 through C4
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The cervical plexus supplies
Cutaneous innervation to the dorsolateral part of head, neck, shoulders, deep cervical muscles, SCM, trapezius via ANSA cervicalis
95
Brachial plexus is formed by
Ventral rami of C5 to T1
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Brachial plexus supplies
Upper extremities
97
Roots are off of
Spinal nerves
98
Trunks divided into
Upper, middle and lower
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Divisions divide into
Anterior and posterior
100
brachial plexus Cords are named for their
Position in relation to the axillary artery, lateral posterior and medial
101
What is the name of a sympathetic trunk
Ascending sympathetic trunk
102
Ascending sympathetic trunk supplied by nerves from
Cervical nerve roots all the way to T6
103
Ascending sympathetic trunk has how many cervical ganglions
3
104
What are the three cervical ganglion of ascending sympathetic trunk
Inferior cervical ganglion, middle cervical ganglion, and superior cervical ganglion
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Aka of inferior cervical ganglion
Stellate ganglion
106
Inferior cervical ganglion located where
C7/T1
107
Middle cervical ganglion located at
C5/C6
108
Superior cervical ganglion located where
C2/C3
109
Where is ganglion of impar
Anterior to the sacro-coccygeal region
110
What is the most caudal ganglion of the sympathetic trunk
Ganglion impar
111
Brachial plexus contains
R, T, D, C, B
112
Lumbar plexus formed by
Ventral rami of L1 to L4
113
Lumbar plexus contains
Roots, Divisions and branches
114
Lumbar plexus supplies the
Lower extremities
115
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve located
L2/L3
116
Sacral plexus located where
L4-S5
117
Sciatic nerve located where
L4, L5, S1, S2
118
Sciatic nerve made up of
Common peroneal nerve and tibial nerve
119
What of lumbar plexus form the femoral nerve
Posterior (dorsal) branches, L2-L4
120
What of the lumbar plexus forms the obturator nerve
Anterior (ventral) branches, L2-L4
121
Sacral plexus arises from
Anterior branches of L4, L5 and S1-S3
122
What of sacral plexus forms the tibial nerve
Anterior (ventral) branches of L4-S3
123
What of sacral plexus form common peroneal nerve
Posterior (dorsal) branch of L4-S2
124
Meralgia paresthetica involves what nerves
L2-L3 nerves
125
What is meralgia paresthetica
Sensory disturbances in the anterolateral thigh
126
The sacral plexus lies just anterior to what muscle
Piriformis muscle
127
Celiac plexus AKA
Solar plexus
128
Celiac plexus located where
L1 vertebrae
129
Pelvic plexus lies where
Anterior to ventral surface of sacrum
130
Pelvic plexus associated with what ganglions
4-5
131
Facet degeneration is cause of
Disc degeneration
132
Disc degeneration is the cause of
Facet degeneration
