Unit One Test

Question 1

the vertebrae are made up of how many types of bones

Answer 1

2

Question 2

what are the two types of bone the vertebrae is made up of

Answer 2

cortex and canellous bone

Question 3

the cortex is located where

Answer 3

outer layer

Question 4

the cortex is made up of

Answer 4

hard compact bone

Question 5

below the age of 40, the cortex supports what percentage of axial compressive load placed on it

Answer 5

45%

Question 6

after the ago of 40, the cortex supports what percentage of the axial compressive load placed on it

Answer 6

65%

Question 7

the cortex is surrounded by what

Answer 7

the periostium

Question 8

the periostium is made up of

Answer 8

highly innervated by nerve ending and blood vessels and veins

Question 9

the cancellous bone is located where

Answer 9

inner part of bone

Question 10

the cancellous bone is what type of texture

Answer 10

soft and spongey

Question 11

the cancellous bone is made up of

Answer 11

trabeculae

Question 12

what is trabeculae

Answer 12

little compartments in the cancellous bone

Question 13

how does trabeculae pattern develop

Answer 13

they develop along the lines of greatest stress to give more strength and support to the bone

Question 14

the cortex of the bone is also known as

Answer 14

the cortical layer

Question 15

prior to the age of 40, the cancellous bone supports what percentage of the compressive load

Answer 15

55%

Question 16

after the age of 40, the cancellous bone supports what percentage of the compressive load

Answer 16

35%

Question 17

bone density usually increases during what stage

Answer 17

puberty

Question 18

what percentage does bone density diminishes during ages 20 to 80

Answer 18

35 to 40%

Question 19

what is osteoporosis

Answer 19

a decrease in bone density below what is considered normal

Question 20

what can occur to patients with osteoporosis with mild pressure

Answer 20

vertebral fractures

Question 21

osteoporosis is usually associated with

Answer 21

aging and menopause, decrease hormones and lack of use of that bone or joint

Question 22

osteoporosis may be generalized or

Answer 22

localized

Question 23

what percentage of bone mineral change needs to be to become radiographically visible

Answer 23

30 to 40%

Question 24

what percentage of bone mineral change is considered clinically significant

Answer 24

50%

Question 25

what is radiolucent

Answer 25

can see through, black

Question 26

what is radiopaque

Answer 26

stops X-rays, not seen through, more white

Question 27

the IVF contain what

Answer 27

two movable vertebrae and two movable joints

Question 28

what are the two movable joints in the IVF

Answer 28

Z-joints and anterior interbody joint

Question 29

what forms the Z joints and anterior interbody joint

Answer 29

vertebral bodies and disc

Question 30

roof of IVF

Answer 30

formed by the inferior pedicle notch of the vertebra above

Question 31

floor of IVF

Answer 31

formed by the superior pedicle notch of the vertebra below

Question 32

posterior wall of IVF

Answer 32

formed by the articular process

Question 33

anterior wall of IVF in C and L spine

Answer 33

formed by the posterior lateral margins of the vertebral body above and below and the disc between them

Question 34

anterior wall o IVF in T spine

Answer 34

formed by the posterior lateral margin of the vertebral body above and the disc only

Question 35

purpose of IVF

Answer 35

spinal nerve roots leave the spinal cord

Question 36

the smallest IVFs are located where

Answer 36

C spine

Question 37

largest IVF's are located where

Answer 37

L spine

Question 38

where are there no boney IVF's in the spine

Answer 38

occiput, C1 or C2

Question 39

where are boney IVFs located

Answer 39

between the adjacent vertebrae from C2 to sacrum

Question 40

upon flexion what happens to IVF

Answer 40

both of the IVF's open

Question 41

upon contralateral lateral flexion, what happens to IVF

Answer 41

one opens

Question 42

upon ipsilateral lateral flexion, what happens to IVF

Answer 42

one closes

Question 43

what happens to IVF on extension

Answer 43

both close

Question 44

what happens to IVF on rotation

Answer 44

closes

Question 45

contents of the IVF in the C spine

Answer 45

1/3 to 1/4 of the diameter is the spinal nerve, veins, arteries, lymphatic vessels and fat

Question 46

contents of the IVF in the L spine

Answer 46

1/5 to 1/6 of the diameter is the spinal nerve, then veins, arteries, lymphatic vessels and fat

Question 47

in all regions, the spinal nerve occupies what amount of the IVF

Answer 47

1/3

Question 48

the intervertebral motor unit is also known as

Answer 48

functional motor unit, physiological motor unit, vertebral motor unit

Question 49

definition of the intervertebral motor unit

Answer 49

2 adjacent vertebrae and their contiguous structures that includes all the muscles, ligaments, nerves, etc that both vertebrae share

Question 50

flexion of vertebrae what

Answer 50

opens up IVF

Question 51

flexion of the spine

Answer 51

decreases cervical/lumbar lordosis, increases thoracic kyphosis

Question 52

extensions of vertebrae

Answer 52

closes IVF

Question 53

extension of the spine

Answer 53

increases cervical/lumbar lordosis, decreases thoracic kyphosis

Question 54

what ligament lines the articular facets

Answer 54

ligamentum flavum