Embryonic Development and Symmetry

Question 1

a zygote is a

Answer 1

multicellular organism

Question 2

A zygote cell is a diploid cell resulting from the union of two what?

Answer 2

two haploid gametes

Question 3

an embryo is a young animal or plant while..

Answer 3

it is still contained within a protective structure

Question 4

the embryoe is NOT exposed to…

Answer 4

the environment

Question 5

what are the two major processes occurring during embryonic development

Answer 5

cleavage and gastrulation

Question 6

what is cleavage

Answer 6

first cell divisions in the embryo

Question 7

what is gastrulation

Answer 7

in-folding, invagination

- the process forms embryonic tissue layers (2-3) from the first layer of cells

Question 8

Gastrula

Answer 8

layers of embryonic cells are formed = germ layers

Question 9

the ectoderm is the

Answer 9

outer skin

• epidermis
• nervous system

Question 10

the endoderm is the

Answer 10

inner skin

- lining of digestive AND respiratory system

Question 11

organisms with 2 germ layers are

Answer 11

diploblastic (with two buds)

Question 12

Mesoderm is the

Answer 12

middle skin

- most internal organs: muscles, skeletal system, heart, stomach

Question 13

Organisms with 3 germ layers are

Answer 13

triploblastic - three buds

Question 14

Archenteron =

Answer 14

old gut

- digestive spaces (gut cavity)

Question 15

blastopore is the

Answer 15

mouth or anus

Question 16

what do tissues enable?

Answer 16

complex body organization

Question 17

what does the gut enable?

Answer 17

extracellular digestion - large food items possible

Question 18

cnidaria are

Answer 18

diplobasltic, blind gut, radial symmetry, multicellular

Question 19

flatwroms are

Answer 19

triploblastic, blind gut, bilaterally symetrical

Question 20

3 types of symmetry

Answer 20

asymmetrical
radially symmetrical
bilaterally symmetrical

Question 21

asymmetrical

Answer 21

no axis divides body into equal halves

Question 22

radially symmetrical

Answer 22

along one axis - as long as one cuts through centre- body can be divided into equal halves from many angles

Question 23

bilaterally symmetrical

Answer 23

-single axis divides body in equal hlaves

Question 24

examples of cnidarians

Answer 24

-jellyfish, sea anemones, corals, hydrozoans

Question 25

how many species of cnidarians are there

Answer 25

11,000

Question 26

cnidarians are...

Answer 26

diploblastic

Question 27

cnidarians have what kind of tissues?

Answer 27

nervous and muscular

Question 28

most life cycles include both of these body forms

Answer 28

polyp - sessile | medusa - motile

Question 29

how do cnidarians obtain energy

Answer 29

- carnivorous | - using cnidocytes to caputre prey, inject prey with venom and stick to prey

Question 30

another way cnidarians obtain energy?

Answer 30

extracellular digestion in gastrovascular cavity | - corals can obtain a large proportion of their energy from symbiotic algae

Question 31

How do cnidarians reproduce?

Answer 31

budding

Question 32

do cnidarians have simple nervous systems or complicated ones?

Answer 32

simple.

Question 33

which direction can sensory information come from (cnidarians)

Answer 33

ANY!

Question 34

Hydra

Answer 34

simple nerve net

Question 35

what do cnidarians have instead of brains?

Answer 35

Hydra connecting everything together

Question 36

Hydrozoa

Answer 36

- polyp dominate phase | - most species alternate between polyp and medusa

Question 37

Scyphozoa

Answer 37

jellyfish! - medusa is dominate - polyp is reduced

Question 38

This type of cnidarians is polyp dominate with no medusa

Answer 38

anothozoa

Question 39

Hydra live in

Answer 39

freshwater

Question 40

do Hydra have a medusa stage?

Answer 40

no.

Question 41

how do hydra move?

Answer 41

by gliding, somersaulting or floating

Question 42

what do the tentacles of hydra contain?

Answer 42

cnidocytes

Question 43

how long are the hydra tenatcles?

Answer 43

supa long

Question 44

example of scyphozoa

Answer 44

JELLYFISH

Question 45

what do jellyfish feed on?

Answer 45

larvae and zooplankton

Question 46

who eats jellyfish?

Answer 46

leatherback turtle

Question 47

Cassiopeia is known as the

Answer 47

upside down ejlly

Question 48

what can cassiopeia tolerate?

Answer 48

low O2 conditions

Question 49

where do cassiopeia get its o2 and nutrients?

Answer 49

from symbionts

Question 50

anthozoa are known as

Answer 50

flower animals

Question 51

example of anthozoa

Answer 51

sea anemones

Question 52

how do sea anemones protect themselves?

Answer 52

retracting their tentacles

Question 53

what animal do sea anemones have a (+/+) relationship with?

Answer 53

anemone fish and shrimp

Question 54

coral bleaching

Answer 54

stress response is due to a variety of factors - incresaing water temperature - increasing UV Radiation - pollution - disease (bacteria)

Question 55

Platyhelminthes

Answer 55

bilateria

Question 56

what does the blastopore develop into in Platyhelminthes

Answer 56

mouths!

Question 57

Platyhelminthes have

Answer 57

anterior brain

Question 58

Platyhelminthes have

Answer 58

ventral nere cord

Question 59

Platyhelminthes are

Answer 59

protosomes

Question 60

Platyhelminthes are

Answer 60

triploblastic

Question 61

How many species of flatworms are there?

Answer 61

25,000

Question 62

how do flatworms move?

Answer 62

by cilia

Question 63

where is the mouth in flatworms?

Answer 63

in the middle

Question 64

how do flatworms get oxygen?

Answer 64

everywhere because their bodies are so flat that oxygen can't get anywhere through diffusion (same for CO2)

Question 65

do flatworms have a respiratory system?

Answer 65

no.

Question 66

do flatworms have a circulatory system?

Answer 66

no.

Question 67

Do flatworms have a digestive system?

Answer 67

no. they just get nutrients through their skin.

Question 68

What is cephalization linked to?

Answer 68

directed movement

Question 69

what is cephalization

Answer 69

concentration of neurons and sensory structures at the anterior end

Question 70

what kind of symmetry do cephalization have?

Answer 70

bilateral symmetry

Question 71

Turbellaria's anterior end will always develop into a ...

Answer 71

head

Question 72

how do turbellaria reproduce?

Answer 72

asexually by fission AND sexually

Question 73

A species of monogenea is

Answer 73

an ectoparasite

Question 74

ectoparasites are known as

Answer 74

flat bodies with suckers | - flukes or fish gills

Question 75

Trematoda cause

Answer 75

diseases that rarely lead to death but can damage internal organs and impair growth and development in children

Question 76

an example of a cestoda is a

Answer 76

tape worm

Question 77

where do tapeworms live?

Answer 77

intestines of vertebrates

Question 78

do tapeworms have mouths?

Answer 78

no

Question 79

what system do tapeworms not have?

Answer 79

digestive