Embryonic Development Part II

Question 1

What does the development of a digestive tract enable?

Answer 1

specialization of gut regions

Question 2

what does the stomach do?

Answer 2

it stores food until it can be readily processed

- disinfects food

Question 3

what does the intestine do?

Answer 3

breaks down the food

Question 4

What does the development of a digestive tract enable?

Answer 4

Sequential food processing

Question 5

What does the development of a digestive tract enable?

Answer 5

continuous operation

Question 6

What’s the gizzard?

Answer 6

muscular structure that grinds food particles

Question 7

How do cows eat their food?

Answer 7

they regurgitate their food and chew it some more and make it more processable and then food gets swallowed again and is in the omasum

Question 8

what does the omasum do?

Answer 8

takes in a lot of water and minerals from the food

Question 9

what odes the abomasum do?

Answer 9

disinefcts the food with hydrochloric acid - like our stomach

Question 10

what does the intestine of a cow do?

Answer 10

secretes enzymes and process all of the molecules

Question 11

what’s the digestive system of a rabbit?

Answer 11

rabbit eats the food –> stomach –> small intenstine but not much can happen here since the cellulose is in the way –> large intestine: water extraction –> cecum: corresponds to our appendix - lots of microorganisms: break down of cellulose –> gut –> produces two types of poop

Question 12

what are the two types of poop rabbits produce?

Answer 12

1. soft poop with the goodies and then they eat it…

2. poop with all the waste

Question 13

What are the two ways a digestive tract develops in bilateria?

Answer 13

Protosomes

• 1st is mouth
• blastopore –> mouth
• new opening –> anus

Question 14

What are the two ways a digestive tract develops in bilateria?

Answer 14

Dueterostomes

• humans
• 2nd is mouth
• blastopore –> anus
• new opening –> mouth

Question 15

What are the tree different body plans with respect to body cavities?

Answer 15

1. coelomate
2. pseduocoelomate
3. acoelomate

Question 16

Coelomate

Answer 16

mesoderm lines the entire cavity as a “peritoneum”

Question 17

Pseudocoelomate

Answer 17

“false colem”

- the mesoderm lines the outside of psedocoel

Question 18

Acoelomate

Answer 18

• no body cavity
• solid except digestive space
• flat organisms (not much in terms of organs)

Question 19

What the two ways to make a coelom

Answer 19

1. schinzocoely

2. enterocoely

Question 20

schinzocoely

Answer 20

splitting with the mesoderm

- protosomes

Question 21

enterocoely

Answer 21

mesoderm forms pockets from the gut

-deuterostomes

Question 22

LOPHOphore

Answer 22

ciliated feeding gas exchange strucutre

Question 23

TROCHOphore

Answer 23

a ciliated free living larval form

Question 24

what kind of animals are Endysozoans

Answer 24

moulting animals

Question 25

how do animals moult?

Answer 25

they have an external covering secreted by the epidermis that must be shed in order to grow

Question 26

when are endysozoans vulnerable?

Answer 26

directly after moulting

Question 27

when did moulting evolve?

Answer 27

more than 500 million years ago

Question 28

how does moulting work?

Answer 28

- they inflate and are soft - then they harden and replace air space inside the body (grow mass but don't grow in size) - adults stop moulting and stop growing

Question 29

are worms a monophyletic group?

Answer 29

nope

Question 30

Nematoda are also known as

Answer 30

roundworms

Question 31

characteristics of nematoda?

Answer 31

- multi-layered - flexible cuticle - allows diffusion of gases - must live in moist habitat

Question 32

how do nematodas move?

Answer 32

move by trashing - snake like movements

Question 33

body cavity of a nematoda is filled with

Answer 33

fluid

Question 34

what kind of skeleton do nematoda's have?

Answer 34

hydrostatic

Question 35

what systems do nematoda's NOT have

Answer 35

respiratory and circulatory

Question 36

how many species of nematoda are there?

Answer 36

25,000

Question 37

what is the major model organism of genetics, developmental biologists and neurobiologists

Answer 37

C. elegans

Question 38

the largest nematode is

Answer 38

9 m long

Question 39

where is the hookworm common ?

Answer 39

in tropics and subtropics

Question 40

Earthworms convert dead organic matter into what?

Answer 40

mature compost

Question 41

how do earthworms provide a rich natural fertilizer?

Answer 41

by concentrating nutrients in their waste

Question 42

annelida are known as

Answer 42

segmented worms

Question 43

why is segmentation advantageous?

Answer 43

multiple copies of organs, structures

Question 44

why is segmentation advantageous?

Answer 44

efficient nervous control - ganglion in each segment - faster responses

Question 45

why is segmentation advantageous?

Answer 45

increases body size by unit repetition

Question 46

Each segment has...

Answer 46

- longitudinal and circular muscles | - coelomic space (hydrostatic skeleton)

Question 47

how do circular muscles contract?

Answer 47

coelomic fluid trapped in each segment --> anterior ends elongate

Question 48

longitudinal muscles contract when

Answer 48

the posterior ends is brought forward

Question 49

Annelids have ___ brains

Answer 49

anterior

Question 50

the circulatory system of annelid's are

Answer 50

closed

Question 51

what are the two types of blood vessels in annelids?

Answer 51

dorsal and ventral

Question 52

what are the advantages of a circulatory system?

Answer 52

improved exchange between - deeper tissues and surface - gut and muscles (nutrient delivery)

Question 53

what are the advantages of a circulatory system?

Answer 53

permits development of a thicker body (free of diffusion limit)

Question 54

what is the largest group of annelids?

Answer 54

polychaeta

Question 55

polychaeta means

Answer 55

many hairs

Question 56

clitellata are

Answer 56

oligochaeta - "few hairs"

Question 57

are polychaeta mainly marine or terrestrial

Answer 57

marine

Question 58

are oligcohaeta mainly marine or terrestrial?

Answer 58

terrestrial

Question 59

both polychaeta and oligcohaeta are

Answer 59

detrivores

Question 60

oligcohaeta are h...

Answer 60

hermaphroditic

Question 61

Hirudinea live mainly in

Answer 61

freshwater

Question 62

hirudinea are

Answer 62

parasitic and carnivours

Question 63

do hirudinea have setae?

Answer 63

noe

Question 64

hirudinea are also ...

Answer 64

hermaphroditic

Question 65

an example of a hirudinea are

Answer 65

leeches