Arthropods Flashcards

(54 cards)

1
Q

what is the most diverse eukaryotic group?

A

Anthropods

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2
Q

Dysticus is a

A

predaceous diving beetle

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3
Q

how do Dytisucs breathe?

A

adults collect air under wings and use this to breathe underwater

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4
Q

What is the structure of an Arthropod?

A
  • Reduced segmentation
  • body regions
  • jointed appendages
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5
Q

What kind of skeleton do Arthropods have?

A

rigid exoskeleton

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6
Q

Arthropods are …

A

ecdyosozon (which means they are moulting animals)

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7
Q

what does the rigid exoskeleton of a Arthropod cover?

A

all external surfaces, digestive tract and the tracheae

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8
Q

What are the advantages of having a rigid exoskeleton?

A

Physical support

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9
Q

What are the advantages of having a rigid exoskeleton?

A

place for muscle attachment

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10
Q

What are the advantages of having a rigid exoskeleton?

A

physical protection from abrasion, predatation, parasite entry and desiccation

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11
Q

What are the advantages of having a rigid exoskeleton?

A

Location of pigments - camouflage

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12
Q

What are the advantages of having a rigid exoskeleton?

A

jointed appendages and exoskeleton allow faster locomotion

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13
Q

What are the advantages of having a rigid exoskeleton?

A

Opportunity to change morphology between larval and adult stages

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14
Q

Why is it important to change between life stages?

A

Less competition within the species

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15
Q

What the disadvantages of having a rigid exoskeleton

A

Infelixble and heavy

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16
Q

What the disadvantages of having a rigid exoskeleton

A

continuous growth in size is not possible

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17
Q

What the disadvantages of having a rigid exoskeleton

A

requires energy to form and shed

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18
Q

What the disadvantages of having a rigid exoskeleton

A

prevents the use of cilia as effectors

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19
Q

What the disadvantages of having a rigid exoskeleton

A

respiration through the skin is not possible

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20
Q

How do arthropods breathe?

A

through spiracles - pores and tracheae - tubes

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21
Q

what needs to be removed before myosin can bind?

A

tropomyosin

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22
Q

what spikes drive muscle contractions?

A

motor neurons

23
Q

what causes the contraction of the sarcomere?

A

sliding of thick filaments between thin filaments

24
Q

Name the 3 types of skeletons

A
  1. hydrostatic skeleton
  2. exoskeleton
  3. endoskeleton
25
what do skeletal muscles need?
a resistor to act against
26
what is a skeleton?
points of attachment for the muscles
27
skeletal muscles are often found in...
antagonistic piars
28
in which direction do skeletal muscles act?
they act in opposite directions
29
Organ
muscle tissue and connective tusse
30
multinucleate cell that contains many myofibrils is called a
muscle fibre
31
myofibrils are
composed of protein bundles
32
contractile unit of a myofibril
sacromeres
33
where do the muscle fibre commands come from?
the spinal cord
34
Neuromusclar junction is when the
motor neuron creates a synapse with the muscle fibre
35
what is the characteristic of a Neuron at rest?
higher concentrations of Na+ outside of a neuron and higher concentrations of K+ on the inside
36
a single spike in a motor neuron can cause a ...
single excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and spike in the associated muscle fibers, followed by a single twitch
37
what is needed for actin and myosin to separate?
ATP
38
Motor Unit
neuron + muscle fiber
39
for vertebrate skeletal muscle, each muscle fiber is innervated by what?
a single motor neuron, but each motor neruon innervates many muscle fibers
40
How does an entire muscle contract?
single action potential generates a single twitch
41
what does the force generated by entire muscle depend on?
- number of motor units (aka motor neuron and associated muscle fibers) activiated - frequency at which motor untis are firing
42
Characteristics of skeletal muscles
Striated
43
Characteristics of skeletal muscles
Cylindrical
44
Characteristics of skeletal muscles
Multinucleated
45
Characteristics of skeletal muscles
Most are under voluntary control
46
Characteristics of skeletal muscles
Actions where skeletal muscles are involved: running, standing, shivering
47
Characteristics of cardiac muscles
Striated
48
Characteristics of cardiac muscles
branched in shape which allow them to withstand high pressures
49
Characteristics of cardiac muscles
Smaller than skeletal muscle cells; have only one nucleus
50
Characteristics of cardiac muscles
gap junctions between cells allow synchronized contraction
51
Characteristics of cardiac muscles
forms a mesh nest around the hollowness - prevents gaps due to pressure
52
Characteristics of a smooth muscle
Actin and myosin are not as regularly arranged - not striated
53
many skeletal muscles are paired for
antogonistic action
54
skeletal muscles are composed of proteins that don't _____ but instead ____ past one another
contract ; slide