Arthropods II: Metamorphosis Hormones

Question 1

What the 4 major groups of Arthropods?

Answer 1

1. Myriapods
2. Chelicerates
3. Crustaceans
4. Hexapods

Question 2

Myriapods aka

Answer 2

“countless feet”

Question 3

How many body regions do myriapods have?

Answer 3

2

Question 4

What are the two regions of myriapods?

Answer 4

head and runk

Question 5

chelicerates have ___ body regions

Answer 5

2

Question 6

what are the two body regions of chelicerates

Answer 6

• chepalothorax: appendages

- abdomen: no appendages

Question 7

How many pairs of appendages do chelicerates have?

Answer 7

6

Question 8

what are the 6 pairs of appendages chelicerates have?

Answer 8

1: fangs
2: copulatory organs, pinchers
3, 4, 5, 6: walking legs

Question 9

what are the three body regions of custaceans

Answer 9

• head
• thorax
• abdomen

Question 10

what makes up the group of hexapods?

Answer 10

insects and other groups

Question 11

what are the three body regions of a hexapod

Answer 11

1. head: antennae, mouthparts
2. thorax: 3 pairs of walking legs (possibly wings)
3. Abdomen: no appendages

Question 12

are springtails insects?

Answer 12

no but they are considered hexapods

Question 13

when did wings evolve?

Answer 13

around 320 mya

Question 14

the wing of a ____ and the gill of a ___ ____ are homogolous

Answer 14

insect ; cray fish

Question 15

how do most insects and myriapods breathe?

Answer 15

through holes (spiracles) open into tubular tracheae which branch to finer tubes 
- carry O2 to body cells

Question 16

What kind of circulatory system do arthropods have?

Answer 16

open system

Question 17

what drives hemolymph into hemocoel

Answer 17

dorsal tubular heart with pores

Question 18

what kind of valves do arthropods have?

Answer 18

one way valves

Question 19

most species of arthropods are

Answer 19

dioceous

Question 20

most species of arthropods…

Answer 20

lay eggs

Question 21

Arthropods can reproduce on ___ and in ____

Answer 21

land ; water

Question 22

How do Arthropods reproduce on land?

Answer 22

• internal fertilization

- some use spermatophores (= packets of sperm_

Question 23

How do Arthropods reproduce in water?

Answer 23

internally (crabs) or externally (barnacles)

Question 24

How do males prevent females from eating their sperm?

Answer 24

by giving it this extra layer that takes a long time to eat

Question 25

Why do females compete for males?

Answer 25

because they get nutrients from the males

Question 26

What does moulting enable?

Answer 26

changes in morphology aka metamorphosis

Question 27

when do insects stop moulting?

Answer 27

when they are adults

Question 28

what kind of Arthropod continues moulting as adults?

Answer 28

crustaceans

Question 29

Indirect of holometabolous development

Answer 29

complete metamorphosis

Question 30

what regulates moulting?

Answer 30

Wigglesworth's experiment

Question 31

Wigglesworth's experiment using

Answer 31

Rhonidus porlixus

Question 32

Rhonidus prolixus

Answer 32

a blood sucking insect moults after blood meal

Question 33

Hormones are secreated by

Answer 33

endocrine cells

Question 34

Hormones are distrubted by the ____ and bind to ___ ____ _____

Answer 34

blood; target cell receptors

Question 35

some chemical signals act locally meaning they can...

Answer 35

act without entering the blood stream

Question 36

How do hormones work?

Answer 36

1. affect the expression of a gene 2. alternate the activity of an existing enzyme 3. change the permeability of a cell membrane

Question 37

what are the three chemical families of hormones

Answer 37

1. peptides and polypeptides 2. amino acid derivatives 3. steroids

Question 38

what is the hormone involved in Arthropod moulting?

Answer 38

PTTH: ProThoracicoTropic Hormone

Question 39

where is PPTH produced and stored?

Answer 39

in the brain

Question 40

PTTH controls the activity of what gland?

Answer 40

prothoracic gland

Question 41

What does the prothoracic gland produce?

Answer 41

Ecdysone

Question 42

Where is the ecdysone secreted?

Answer 42

into the blood

Question 43

What cells does the ecdysone targe?

Answer 43

epidermis

Question 44

what releases ecdysone?

Answer 44

corpus allatum

Question 45

what determines when its time to moult?

Answer 45

pulses in the brain

Question 46

What are the two body control systems?

Answer 46

endocrine system and nervous system

Question 47

What is the endocrine system?

Answer 47

- hormones - diffuse via blood - slower, longer term

Question 48

What is the nervous system?

Answer 48

- action potentials - electrical signals along neurons - quicker: shorter term

Question 49

what happens when both systems work together?

Answer 49

- neurons trigger hormone release - neurons in hypothalamus make hormones released by the posterior pituitary gland - hormones feed back onto nervous system

Question 50

what are the responses of nervous and endocrine system to stimuli?

Answer 50

1. brain detects danger and signals an action 2. brain signals adrenal gland to release epinephrin 3 epinephrine causes: - the liver to convert clycogen to glucose - the heart to beat faster - Blood vessels to gut and skin to constricut - shunting more blood to muscles - fat cells release fatty acids (fuel) into blood

Question 51

The Hypothalamus integrates ...

Answer 51

information about the state of the body

Question 52

ADH stands for

Answer 52

anti-diuretic hormone

Question 53

what triggers ADH?

Answer 53

Increased salt concentration in the blood

Question 54

what is the function of ADH?

Answer 54

water is conserved and urine is more conentrated

Question 55

what does ADH target?

Answer 55

kidneys

Question 56

what does ADH do?

Answer 56

Increases the absorption of water

Question 57

Eating a bag of chips

Answer 57

- Sodium levels go up - body tries to flush out some of the Na (this requires water) - body loses water - if you lose too much you'll shrivel up - hypothalamus releases hormone to the kidney so it reabsorbs the water so you don't shrivel up

Question 58

Oxytocin's 1st targe

Answer 58

the smooth muscle of the uterus

Question 59

First action of Oxytocin

Answer 59

contractions

Question 60

2nd target of oxytocin

Answer 60

mammary glands - milk is released

Question 61

2nd action of oxytocin

Answer 61

milk release

Question 62

where is oxytocin produce?

Answer 62

in the hypothalamus

Question 63

where is oxytocin released?

Answer 63

from the posterior pituitary glands

Question 64

what does the hypophyseal portal system carry?

Answer 64

neuro-endoprime signals from the hypothalamus down to the anterior pituitary which then releases its own set of hormones