Endo Lec 6

Question 1

alpha cell in pancreas produces

Answer 1

glucagon

Question 2

beta cell in pancreas produces

Answer 2

insulin;amylin

Question 3

delta cell in pancreas produces

Answer 3

somatostatin

Question 4

F/PP cell in pancreas produces

Answer 4

pancreatic polypeptide (PP)

Question 5

D1 cell in pancreas produces

Answer 5

vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)

Question 6

5 hormones of the pancreas

Answer 6

1. glucagon
2. insulin;amylin
3. somatostatin
4. pancreatic polypeptide (PP)
5. vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)

Question 7

% alpha cells of islet cells

Answer 7

15-20%

Question 8

% beta cells of islet cells

Answer 8

55-90%

Question 9

% delta cells of islet cells

Answer 9

3-10%

Question 10

% F/PP cells of islet cells

Answer 10

1%

Question 11

% D1 cells of islet cells

Answer 11

<1%

Question 12

insulin : hormone of __

Answer 12

feasting

Question 13

glucagon: hormone of __

Answer 13

fasting

Question 14

insulin is an___ hormone

Answer 14

anabolic

Question 15

glucagon is a ____ hormone

Answer 15

catabolic

Question 16

insulin increases

Answer 16

uptake and storage of fuels

Question 17

glucagon increases

Answer 17

mobilization of fuels when needed

Question 18

catabolic hormones (4)- liberation of stored body fuels

Answer 18

• glucagon
• epinephrine
• cortisol
• growth hormone

Question 19

insulin is the only hormone that can …

Answer 19

promote the storage of each of the major body fuels (glucose, fats, aa)

Question 20

targets for insulin action (3)

Answer 20

• skeletal/cardiac muscle
• adipocytes
• hepatocytes

Question 21

insulin action in liver

Answer 21

↑ glycogenesis, glycolysis,fat synthesis, protein synthesis

↓ glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, fat breakdown, ketogenesis, protein breakdown

Question 22

insulin action in muscle

Answer 22

↑ glucose uptake, glycogenesis, a.a uptake, protein synthesis

↓ glycogenolysis, protein breakdown

Question 23

insulin in adipose tissue

Answer 23

↑ glucose uptake, glycolysis, fatty acid uptake, fat synthesis

↓ fat breakdown

Question 24

transporter protein that insulin-sensitive

Answer 24

GLUT-4

Question 25

transport of glucose by secondary active transport (uphill, Na+ dependent)

Answer 25

``` SGLT 1 SGLT 2 (up to SGLT 6) ```

Question 26

transport of glucose by facilitated transport (downhill, Na+ independent)

Answer 26

``` GLUT 1 GLUT 2 (up to GLUT 14) ```

Question 27

insulin effect for GLUT 4

Answer 27

insulin increases GLUT 4 insertion in membrane

Question 28

glycogen stores from liver is broken down by ___ (12-24 hours)

Answer 28

glycogenolysis

Question 29

gluconeogenesis

Answer 29

new glucose is made from non-carbohydrate sources like aa/fatty acids

Question 30

in liver acetyl-coA used

Answer 30

for fatty acid synthesis

Question 31

Insulin deficiency (relative or absolute) is associated with a

Answer 31

catabolic state where Glucagon is predominant and energy substrates are liberated into the blood

Question 32

Glucose uptake into fat and muscle is impaired as

Answer 32

90% of GLUT-4 transporters are sequestered intracellularly in vesicles in this setting

Question 33

glucagon is the dominant hormone during

Answer 33

fasting

Question 34

causes of hypersecretion of insulin

Answer 34

Insulin secreting tumor,overdose

Question 35

consequences of hypersecretion of insulin

Answer 35

- hypoglycemia - increased sympathetic activity (such as palpitations or sweating) - increased production of counter regulatory hormones (such as glucagon, adrenaline) - person feels tired, becomes confused and drowsy - In severe cases, a person can have convulsions and go into coma

Question 36

causes of hyposecretion of insulin

Answer 36

-too little insulin (hyperglycemia) -increased blood glucose

Question 37

consequences of hyposecretion of insulin

Answer 37

- diabetes mellitus | - ketoacidosis (ketones produced in excess)

Question 38

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (summary)

Answer 38

``` – It is an autoimmune disease – Often seen in young people – b cells are destroyed – Absolute insulin deficiency – ~5-10% of all DM cases in North America ```

Question 39

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (summary)

Answer 39

– Increased resistance to insulin – Strongly associated with obesity – Traditionally more common in adults, observed lately in obese young children – Relative insulin deficiency – ~90-95% of all DM cases in North America

Question 40

Insulin deficiency leads to a catabolic state characterized

Answer 40

-by hyperglycemia, generalized wasting, acidosis and ketogenesis = DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS

Question 41

Cardinal Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 41

- Polyuria (↑ in urine volume, ↑ in frequency of urination) - Glucosuria (glucose in urine) - Polyphagia (increased hunger) - Polydipsia (increased thirst)

Question 42

Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 42

- Long-term high levels of glucose leads to blindness - renal failure - atherosclerosis - changes in sensation - poor wound healing

Question 43

treatments of diabetes mellitus (type 1)

Answer 43

-insulin: by injection, by programmable pump, by inhalation, along with amylin analogs – Islet cell transplant (Edmonton Protocol) – Gene therapy

Question 44

treatments of diabetes mellitus (type 2)

Answer 44

--dietary control and exercise – Drugs which increase insulin secretion and/ or response to insulin – Insulin administration