Endocrine

Question 1

MCC of hyperpirtuitarism

Answer 1

functioning anterior pitiutary adenoma
1cm – can determine micro/macroadenoma

Question 2

MC pituitary adenoma

Answer 2

Prolactin cell adenoma
2nd MC: Somatroph adenoma

Question 3

Origin of Craniopharygioma

Answer 3

Vestigial remnants of Rathke pouch
Hypothalamic suprasellar tumor
mass effect and hypopituitarism
bimodal age: 5-15, 65

Question 4

hypermetabolic state caused by increase thyroid hormone level in the blood

Answer 4

Thyrotoxicosis

hyperthyroidism - thyrotoxicosis 2nd to thyroid gland hyperfunction

Question 5

MCC of primary hyperthyroidism

Answer 5

Graves disease
Type II HS

Question 6

Posterior Pituitary Syndrome can be cause by this neoplasm

Answer 6

Small cell lung Ca

Question 7

MCC of congenital hypothyroidism

Answer 7

Iodine deficiency

Question 8

MCC of congenital hypothyroidism in Iodine sufficient areas

Answer 8

Autoimmune (Hashimoto)

Question 9

extensive fibrosis of the thyroid and contiguous neck structures

Answer 9

Riedel Thyroiditis

Question 10

Painless thyroid enlargement
Autoantibodies against thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase
Hurtle cell changes
Lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates with germinal centers
+ fibrosis

Answer 10

Hashimoto thyroiditides

Question 11

Painless thyroid enlargement
Autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase
family hx of autoimmunity
- fibrosis and hurtle changes

Answer 11

Subacute Lymphocytic

Question 12

PainFUL thyroid enlargement
Antigen mediated immune damage to follicular cells
history of URTI prior to thyroiditis

Answer 12

Granulomatous thyroiditis

Question 13

Most thyroid carcinoma arise from thyroid follicular epithelium, except

Answer 13

Medullary – Parafollicular C cells
assoc. with MEN2A, MEN2B
present with PAraneoplastic syndrome (VIP, ACTH) and high level of Calcitonin

Question 14

MC thyroid Ca

Answer 14

Papillary > Follicular
Favorable prognosis
+ Orphan annie nuclei
+ Psammoma Bodies

Question 15

Thyroid ca:
Pleomorphic giant cells
Spindle-shaped cells
IHC: Cytokeratin, PAX8

Answer 15

Anaplastic Thyroid Ca

Question 16

Most helpful thyroid differentiation marker in anaplastic Ca

Answer 16

PAX8

Question 17

Thyroid Ca with Amyloid deposits

Answer 17

Medullary thyroid Ca
familial origin: C-cell hyperplasia
sheet of polygonal to spindle shaped cells in nests, trabeculae or follicules
IHC: Calcitonin

Question 18

most important susceptibility genes in T1DM

Answer 18

Ch 6

Question 19

TRIAD of DMT2

Answer 19

Genetic
Environmental - most important factor: Central/visceral obesity
Proinflammatory

Question 20

MCC of death in DM

Answer 20

Coronary heart disease
HM: accelerated atherosclerosis

Question 21

Insulin deficiency sufficient to develop KETOACIDOSIS

Answer 21

DKA
<7.25pH
+ ketones
visceral sx

Question 22

Insulin deficiency INSUFFICIENT to develop ketoacidosis

Answer 22

HHS
>7.30 pH
neurologic symptoms

Question 23

MC Pancreatic NET

Answer 23

Insulinomas
Hyperinsulinism
Whipple TRIAD
Amyloid deposition
loc: pancreas
benign

Question 24

Whipple TRIAD

Answer 24

Hypogylcemia <50mg/dl
Neuroglycopenic symptoms
Relief upon parenteral glucose administration

Question 25

pancreatic islet cell tumor hypersecretion of gastric acid severe PUD

Answer 25

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome Seen in Gastrinoma -- malignant, located at Gastrinoma Triangle

Question 26

Presentation of VIPoma

Answer 26

WDHA watery diarrhea Hypokalemia Achlorhydia

Question 27

MCC overall of Cushing syndrome

Answer 27

Exogenous steroids/ Iatrogenic

Question 28

MC endogenous cause of Cushing

Answer 28

ACTH secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing Disease)

Question 29

MCC of Primary hyperaldosteronism(Conn syndrome)

Answer 29

Bilateral idiopathic hyperaldosteronism neoplasm: Adenoma > Adrenocortical Carcinoma Secondary Hyperaldos - decreased renal perfusion

Question 30

TRIAD of Pheochromcytoma

Answer 30

Diaphoresis Headaches Palpitations RULE OF 10s

Question 31

Cytogenic origin of Pheochromocytoma

Answer 31

Chromaffin cells of medulla releases catecholamines Zellballen

Question 32

Clusters of polygonal or spindle-shaped chromaffin or chief cells surrounded by sustentacular cells

Answer 32

Zell ballen

Question 33

Rule of 10s

Answer 33

Extra -adrenal bilateral biological malignant not associated with hypertension 25% germline genetic mutations

Question 34

Syndrome of MEN1

Answer 34

Wermer syndrome: Pituitary Parathyroid Pancreas

Question 35

Syndrome of MEN2A mutation

Answer 35

Sipple sydrome mutation: RET Phechromocytoma, Medullary TCa, 2A: PArathyroid Neoplasm 2B: neuromas, ganglioneuromas, Marfanoid habitus

Question 36

Syndrome of MEN2B

Answer 36

Wagemen-Froboese syndrome, Mucosal neuroma syndrome