endocrine Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
what runs THROUGH the cavernous sinus
A
CN6 and ICA
2
Q
Where is pancreas transplanted and why
A
Iliac vessels good blood supply
3
Q
Eye symptoms of pituitary tumour
A
Progressive ophthalmoplegia
Loss of vision
4
Q
Pituitary gland hangs down from
A
Hypothalamus
5
Q
Posterior lobe of pituitary gland secreted
A
Adh oxytocin
6
Q
Superior hypophyseal artery goes to and do what
A
Efferent hypophyseal veins to anterior pituitary to take hormones to secrete other hormones
7
Q
Cavernous sinus contents
A
Three four v2,3 six inside, ica
8
Q
ACTH produces what
A
Cortisol
9
Q
Cushings is
A
Too much ACTH
10
Q
Posterior pituitary way of working
A
Neuronal - neurosecretory
11
Q
Anterior pituitary way of working
A
Blood
12
Q
Two bits of adrenal glands
A
Cortex and medulla
13
Q
Androgens secreted where
A
Reticularis of adrenal cortex
14
Q
Glucocorticoid (cortisol) secreted where
A
Fasciculata of adrenal cortex
15
Q
Aldosterone secreted where
A
Glomerulosa of adrenal cortex
16
Q
Right suprarenal vein drains into
Left drains into
A
Ivc
left renal vein
17
Q
Where does thyroid develop
A
Posterior of tongue
18
Q
Thyroid bits, how many?
A
4
Right and left lobes
Isthmus
Pyramidal lobe
19
Q
Superior thyroid artery comes from
A
External carotid
20
Q
What is behind the thyroid glands
A
Parathyroid hormone
21
Q
Danger surgery thyroid
A
Recurrent laryngeal (runs behind thyroid),
Parathyroid
Thyroid ima artery
22
Q
Transverse pancreatic comes from
A
Splenic artery
23
Q
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal comes off
A
Sma
24
Q
Accessory pancreatic duct drains
A
Ulcinate process
25
what runs through the wall of the cavernous sinus
CN3,4,V1,V2
NOT CN2 or V3
26
which CN is most likely to be affected first by a cavernous ICA aneurysm?
6. it's the nearest one to it
27
this is the sella turcica
what bone and what are the four little corners called and what attaches to thwm
sphenoid
clinoid processes
dura
28
tghis is the back of the sphenoid. what is this part called and where does it slope towards
Clivus
towards foramen magnum
29
bitemporal hemianopia suggests...because...
pituitary gland tumour... optic chiasm is directily superior to the pituitary gland
30
what is pituitary gland called in doctor
hypophysis
31
anterior pituitary secretes
ACTH, FH, GH, LH, TSH and prolactin
A particularly good looking front testicle
32
intermediate lobe pituitary secretes
melanocyte stimulating hormone
33
what is in charge of the pituitary
hypothalamus
34
A pineal gland
B interthalamic adhesion
C hypothalamus
D infundibulum
E sphenoid bone
35
how to access pituitary gland in surgery
drill through sphenoid
36
A sternothyroid
Bthyrohyoid
C digastric
D sternohyoid
E sup belly of omohyoid
F inf belly of omohyoid
37
what is this and what is it a branch of
sup thyroid artery, branch of ECA
38
adrenals exocrine or endocrine
endocrine
39
shape of right and left adrenal glands
pyramid and crescent (same shape as spleen)
40
right sided HF -> liver problems
"nutmeg liver" speckled because of congestive hepatopathy
41
dilated IVC - suggestive of congested hepatopathy
42
ant and post pituitary lobes doctor name
adeno and neuro-hypophysis
43
cell bodies in which nucleus ADH manufacture
supraoptic
44
cell bodies in which nuclei oxytocin
paraventricular
45
link which hormone to Cushing's
ACTH+++ causes too much cortisol
46
where are adrenalin and noradrenalin secreted
adrenal medulla
47
cortisol is released in response to (2)
stress and low blood sugar
48
what does cortisol do? (3)
increase blood sugar - gluconeogenesis
suppress immune system
decrease bone formation
49
thyroid spinal level
C5-T1
50
what is this, how many ppl have it
thyroid ima artery 10%
51
pancreas what exocrine what endocrine
ex - digestive enzymes
end - insulin and glucagon
52
inferior pancreaticoduodenal comes off
SMA
53
where are Central Pattern Generators and what do they do? Where are they
CPGs are neuronal circuits that when activated, produce rhythmic motor patterns (e.g. walking, breathing, swimming) in absence of inputs that carry timing information
in ventrolateral reticular formation
54
what is the major controller of vomiting
nucleus of the solitary tract
55
3 basic things are directed by the NTS for induction of vomiting. which nuclei control them and what are they
larynx closing
respiratory changes
digestive tract changes
nucleus ambiguus
Ventral Respiratory Group
dorsal motor nucleaus of vagus
56
hypo or hypercalcaemia worse for you
hypocalcaemia
57
what is serum calcium bound to? how much
40% albumin, 10% globulin
58
what is the connection between serum H+ and serum Ca?
bind to the same sites on albumin
if alkalosis, H+ will be freed so more Ca will bind leading to hypocalcaemia
59
what can low calcium lead to
too much neural conduction
tetany
tachyarrhythmias
60
pth effects on ca vs phosphate in bone gut kidney
liberates both from bone
increases absorption of both at gut
increases resorption of Ca BUT ni creases excretion of Po4 at kidney
61
what sort of hormone is pth
peptide 84 AAs
62
what stimulates pth...how?
low serum Ca via reduced CaSR stimulation
63
what happens to pth in very high serum calcium
it is not fully suppressed
64
what is the funny thing about Mg and CaSR
slightly low Mg decreases CaSR stimulation so more pth is produces but severely low Mg leads to pth block -> hypocalcemia
65
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia?
loss of function CaSR mutation
CaSR in brain doesn't feel hypercalcemia so more Ca is liberated
CaSR in kidney doesn't feel hypercalcemia so Ca is not excreted (is reabsorbed)
66
what is cinacalcet
pretend calcium, used to lower pth levels in hyperparathyroidism
67
loop vs thiazide diuretics effect on Ca
loop loses calcium at thick ascending limb
thiazide increases reabsorption in the distal tubules
68
which enzyme activates vitamin D
1-alpha hydroxylase
69
what is the formula for calcitriol
1,25(OH)D3
70
when does vit D negative feedback go wrong
In the macrophage fighting off a tuberculosis
bacillus, however, there is positive feedback. Production of very high levels of vitamin D
from activated macrophages in granulomatous diseases (TB, sarcoid) can lead to serum
hypercalcemia.
71
what does vit d deficiency cause in bone
what does parathyroid ++ cause in bone
osteomalacia/ricketts
osteoporosis
72
medullary thyroid cancer blood marker
raised calcitonin
73
hyperalcemia of malignancy modulator
PTHrP (parathyroid related peptide) which is basiclaly pretend parathyroid hormone
74
kidney consequences of hypercalcemia
kidney stones
nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
75
two main causes of hypercalcaemia
++pth or malignancy
76
why hypercalcemia in cancer if not pth secreting tumour
bone mets
77
primary hyperparathyroid
single tumour
78
secondary hyperparathyroid
normal response to low calcium eg renal failure
79
3ary hyperparathyroid
mets, parathyroid hyperplasia
80
what happens in the adrenal medulla when cortisol flows through
PNMT enzyme is upregulated -> noradrenaline is converted to adrenaline
81
3 stressors dealt with by the adrenals
starvation
sepsis
blood loss
82
ZG cells respond to
angiotensin II and K+
83
ZG produces
aldosterone
84
which enzyme converts cortisol to cortisone
11bHSD-2
85
which enzyme is inactivated by liquorice and what can happen
11bHSD-2, apparent mineralocorticoid (cortisol) excess
86
where are pheochromocytomas
chromaffin cells
87
what are chromaffin tumours not in the adrenals called
Paragangliomas
88
89
Drug for acromegaly gh receptor blocker
Pegvisomant - gh receptor blocker
Ocreotide - somastatin analogue
Bromocriptine - dopamine analogue
90
link between lithium and DI
lithium is nephrotoxic and can cause nephrogenic DI
91
