Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PANCE review > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

(70 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

define Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

A

Glucose is not available for the body to use as energy, so instead, fat is used for fuel, producing
byproducts - ketones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

most common Precipitating factor of DKA

A

infection, missing insulin, or unknown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Dehydration, Acetone smell on breath, Abdominal tenderness, Tachycardia/hypotension/shock, AMS, Kussmaul respirations and Coffee ground emesis

A

DKA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

dx of DKA

A

Glucose level >250mg/dL

● Bicarbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

management of DKA

A
  1. fluids to dilute sugars
  2. give potassium
  3. know that sodium will be falsely low
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

role of insulin in DKA

A

Start 0.1 units/kg/hr IV drip. don’t worry about returning glucose to a normal level, instead focus on stoping DKA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Drugs can cause glucose intolerance

A

Glucocorticoids, anti-hypertensives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how do you dx DM?

A

two different accounts of fasting glucose >126, or random glucose >200 + symptoms or A1C >6.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

is DKA an acid or base disorder

A

acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

complications of DKA therapy

A

hypoglycemia, cerebral edema!!!!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sulfonylureas

A

Squeeze-stimulate pancreas to release more insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Biguanides

A

(bite) suppress hepatic gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Thiazolidenediones (TZDs)

A

Increases sensitivity to insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Glipizide®, Glyburide®

A

sulfonylureas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Actos®, Avandia®

A

Thiazolidenediones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Metformin®

A

Biguanides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

SE of sulfonylureas / Glipizide®, Glyburide®

A

hypoglycemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

SE of biguanides / Metformin

A

GI issues and Can cause lactic acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

SE of Thiazolidenediones ( actos and Avandia)

A

hepatitis & edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Incretins:

A

Hormones released by small intestine enteroendocrine cells in response to dietary glucose, delays gastric emptying.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

names of incretins (they end in TIDE)

A

GLP-1 analogs [GLP-1 receptor agonists]):
Albiglutide (advantage: once-weekly dosing)
Exenatide (synthetic version of exendin-4 found in Gila monster saliva!; extended release version is also once-weekly dosing)
Liraglutide (advantage: once-daily dosing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Main disadvantage of incretins

A

must be administered by subcutaneous injection and cause GI SE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

● Main risks:

A

pancreatitis, thyroid C-cell tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

when are incretins used

A

incretin mimetics are recommended as potential 2nd
line treatment options to add to metformin (or other agents, including insulin) in
patients not achieving glycemic goals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
we can block the enzyme that breaks down incretins using;
“DPP-4 inhibitors”
26
``` gliptins): o Sitagliptin o Saxagliptin o Linagliptin what are these? ```
DPP-4 inhibitors
27
Sodium-glucose linked transporter (SGLT): effect
proximal tubule of the kidney
28
Dapagliflozin o Canagliflozin o Empagliflozin what are these
Sodium glucose linked transporter, add on has 2nd of 3rd therapy with metformin
29
medications that contribute to hypercholesterolemia
thiazides, glucocorticoids, beta blockers
30
ANY condition that results in excess thyroid hormone
Thyrotoxicosis (ex: Graves disease, toxic goiter, thyroiditis, medication ingestion)
31
Thyroid Storm
A life-threatening condition that develops from untreated thyrotoxicosis induced by trauma or infection
32
test findings for hyperthyroid
Low TSH | ● Usually elevated free T3 and/or T4
33
fine tremor, hypereflexia, Proptosis/Pretibial myxedema | ○ Lid Lag
Graves (autoimmune)
34
treatment of hyperthyroidism
Propylthiouracil/Methimazole : Blocks new hormone synthesis & Iodides: SSKI (saturated solution of potassium iodide) Blocks release of preformed hormone, must give PKU first then give iodide. ● Blunt systemic effects (medications) Beta-blocker: Propranolol (stops the conversion of T4 to T3) ○ Glucocorticoids: Prevent conversion of T4 to T3 ● Prevent decompensation ○ Aggressive IV fluids ○ Dextrose containing solution (high metabolic demand) ○ Cooling blankets, ice packs ○ Acetaminophen DON'T GIVE ASPIRIN (increases release of thyroid hormone)
35
painful causes of hypothyroidism
Subacute thyroiditis ○ de Quervain’s ○ Pain may radiate to ear ○ Viral and self-limited Bacterial thyroiditis tx with antibiotics
36
Thyroid Nodules management
FNA only 5% are cancerous
37
most common thyroid cancer
papillary
38
how do you dx Hyperparathyroidism
get PTH level
39
treatment of hyperparathyroidism
``` Surgery ● Treat hypercalcemia ○ IV Fluids ○ Lasix (after fluids) ○ Bisphosphonates ○ Calcitonin (short lived) ○ Steroids ```
40
hypoparathyroidism due to no parathyroid glands
DiGeorge syndrome
41
tx for hypoparathyroidism
Calcium | ● Vitamin D
42
most common cause of Adrenocortical Insufficiency
autoimmune
43
crisis Adrenocortical Insufficiency is induced due to???
infection, stress
44
Orthostatic hypotension & Hyperpigmentation
addison's dz
45
``` Obesity, hypertension, increased thirst ● Proximal muscle weakness is clue ● Pigmented abdominal striae ● Oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, erectile dysfunction ● Impaired would healing, fractures ● Psychiatric symptoms ```
cushing dz ( looks like too much steroid)
46
dx of cushing
1. High urine cortisol | 2. Overnight dexamethasone suppression test - will have high cortisol
47
difference between cushing syndrome and disease
Disease: only high dexamethasone suppression test will decrease ACTH Syndrome: if its an adrenal tumor, low dexamethasone suppression test will decrease ACTH
48
Acromegaly/Gigantism due to too much
growth hormone (pituitary tumor)
49
Acromegaly/Gigantism may be associated to
MEN syndrome
50
dx of acromegaly/gigantism
MRI for pituitary tumor | ● Prolactin, Growth hormone, Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IFG-1)
51
Cushing’s disease tx
resection
52
cushing disease syndrome tx
depends on size of tumor and level of cortisol
53
tx of acromegaly
Adenoma resection ● Somatostatin for refractory cases ● Pegvisomant normalizes IGF-1 in 90% of cases
54
Pituitary Dwarfism
lacking growth hormone--hormone replacement
55
deficiency of vasopressin (ADH)
Diabetes Insipidus (Central) you pee a lot!!
56
symptom of Diabetes insipidus
Intense thirst ● Craving for ice water ● Large volume polyuria ● Unremitting enuresis may be present in partial disease
57
dx confirmed
Central DI can be confirmed with vasopressin challenge test
58
Treatment
Desmopressin acetate
59
addision crisis can be caused by
primary at the adrenals, secondary at the pituitary (ACTH) or tertiary at the hypothalamus (CRH)
60
tx of addison's dz
replacing the absent hormones (oral hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone
61
``` Patient has Hyperkalemia, hyponatremia Hypoglycemia ● Hypercalcemia ● Low BUN ○ Low am cortisol ● High ACTH ```
addison's crisis
62
what is cushing dz
Cushing's syndrome is caused by either excessive cortisol-like medication such as prednisone or a tumor that either produces, or results in the production of excessive cortisol by the adrenal glands.
63
These patients present with hypertension, hypernatremia, and hypokalemia due to the effects of aldosterone on the body.
primary hyperaldosterism
64
As a coronary heart disease equivalent, type 2 diabetes should be managed with a goal of LDL
65
Nocturnal spikes of ___________secretion are the most likely mechanism of the dawn phenomenon
growth hormone
66
another name for Acantholysis is
Nikolsky’s sign’
67
what two hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary
Vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin are the hormones produced in the posterior pituitary
68
the most likely diagnosis is a prolactinoma, what is the surgical procedure if medical therapy has failed
Trans-sphenoidal resection
69
A 66 year old male that is receiving corticosteroid replacement therapy because of Addison’s disease is scheduled for a total knee arthroplasty for next week. Which of the following is the best course of action for this patient’s treatment?
Stress dose steroids on the day of surgery
70
Rosiglitazone is a thiazolidinedione that is used to increase the body’s sensitivity to insulin’s effects. Biggest side effect?
Hard on liver

PANCE review (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions