Endocrine Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
What hormone is secreted during the most common pituitary tumor?
A
Prolactin
2
Q
In what two ways does a prolactinoma present in females?
A
galacotrrhea and amenorrhea
3
Q
In what two ways does a prolactinoma present in males?
A
decreased libido and headache
4
Q
What type of drug is used to eliminate the side effects of a prolactinoma? Which two specifically?
A
dopamine agonists
bromocriptine or cabergoline
5
Q
Why can acromegaly cause diabetes?
A
GH increases gluconeogenesis
6
Q
An increase in what two hormones are used to diagnose acromegaly?
A
GH and IGF1
7
Q
What does oral glucose do to GH levels?
A
suppress
8
Q
What drug is used to treat acromegaly?
A
Octreotide
9
Q
What is a craniopharyngioma?
A
pituitary tumor derived from embryonic tissue
10
Q
What is Sheehan Syndrome?
A
pregnancy related infarction of the pituitary gland
11
Q
How does Sheehan Syndrome often present?
A
Loss of pubic hair
12
Q
What twp things herniate during Empty Sella Syndrome?
A
arachnoid and CSF
13
Q
What two drugs are known to cause nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
A
lithium and demeclocycline
14
Q
What drug is used to treat SIADH?
A
demeclocycline
15
Q
Where is a thyroglossal duct cyst located?
A
base of tongue
16
Q
Via which protein does hyperthyroidism increase basal metabolic rate?
A
Na+/K+ ATPase
17
Q
Which adrenergic receptor can hyperthyroidism upregulate in order to increase sympathetic nervous system activity?
A
beta-1
18
Q
What arrhythmia does hyperthyroidism produce in the elderly?
A
Afib
19
Q
Would hyperthyroidism increase or decrease the risk of osteoporosis?
A
increase
20
Q
Would hyperthyroidism produce hypocholesterolemia or hypercholesterolism?
A
hypocholesterolemia
21
Q
Would hyperthyroidism produce hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia? Why?
A
hyperglycemia
thyroid hormone causes GNG and glycogenolysis
22
Q
Which immunoglobulin produces the effects seen in Graves?
A
IgG
23
Q
Which receptor do fibroblasts behind the eye express?
A
TSH receptor
24
Q
What material is deposited behind the eye during Graves?
A
glycosaminoglycans
25
Name three physical manifestations of thyroid storm?
Arrhythmia
vomiting
hyperthermia
26
What haplotype is associated with Hashimoto Thyroiditis/
HLA-DR5
27
What two autoantibodies are present during Hashimotos?
anti-thyroglobulin
anti-thyroid peroxidase
28
What specific cells are found during Hashimoto Thyroiditis? Color?
Hurthle cells
Eosinophilic
29
What structure is formed during Hashimotos?
germinal cents
30
What color are Hurthle cells?
eosinophilic
31
What type of neoplasm is present during Hashimotos?
B-cell Marginal zone lymphoma
32
How would a B-cell lymphoma present during Hashimotos?
enlarging thyroid gland during course of disease
33
What type of inflammation is present during De Quervain Thyroiditis?
Granulomatis
34
What type of infection does De Quervain Thyroiditis follow?
viral
35
How does De Quervain Thyroiditis present?
transient hyperthyroidism
36
Does Riedel Fibrosing Thyroiditis present as hypo or hyper thyroidism?
Hypothyroidism
37
What disease can Riedel Fibrosing Thyroiditis mimmic?
anaplastic carcinoma
38
Are thyroid nodules more likely to be benign or malignant?
Benign
39
What specific technique is used to biopsy a thyroid nodule?
fine needle aspiration
40
A fibrous capsule surrounds what two thyroid neoplasms?
follicular adenoma
follicular carcinoma
41
What is the most common type of thyroid carcinoma?
Papillary carcinoma
42
Radiation in childhood is a risk factor for which thyroid neoplasm?
Papillary carcinoma
43
Histologically, how is follicular carcinoma differentiated from follicular adenoma?
follicular carcinoma penetrates through fibrous membrane
44
Which thyroid neoplasm spreads via the blood?
follicular
45
What cell overproliferates during medullary carcinoma? Hormone released?
PARAFOLLICULAR C-cells
calcitonin
46
What is the mechanism by which calcitonin lowers blood calcium?
increases renal secretion
47
What is the histological description of medullary carcinoma of thyroid?
malignant cells in amyloid stroma
48
What protein forms the amyloid during medullary carcinoma of thyroid?
calcitonin
49
What three cancers arise during MEN2A?
medillary carcinoma of thyroid
parathyroid adenoma
pheochromocytoma
50
What does detection of RET gene require?
prophylactic thyroidectomy
51
Is anaplastic carcinoma malignant or benign?
malignant
52
What population does anaplastic carcinoma most effect?
elderly
53
What do osteoclasts release?
calcium and phosphate
54
What does PTH promote in the kidney?
reabsorption of calcium and phosphate
55
What is the cause of Primary Hyperthyroidism?
excess release of PTH
56
What is Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica? Due to?
excessive reabsorption of bone leading to fibrosis and cystic spaces
excessive PTH
57
What marker would be seen in the urine during times of excessive PTH?
cAMP
58
What is the cause of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism?
renal failure leading to decreased phosphate excretion
59
What is the cause of Pseudohyperparathyroidism?
end organ resistance to PTH
60
What would two things be noticed on physical examination during pseudoparathyroidism? Inheritance?
short 4th and 5th digits and short stature
autosomal dominant
61
Which two haplotypes are associated with Type 1 DM?
DR3 and DR4
62
What cause Type 2 DM?
decreased insulin receptors
63
What three cell types does glucose freely enter without facilitated diffusion?
Schwann cells
retinal pericytes
lens
64
What rxn is catalyzed by aldose reductase?
glucose into sorbitol
65
Which four neoplasms are associated with MEN1?
pituitary adenoma
parathyroid
pancreatic
66
Would hyperaldosteronisim present with hypertension or hypotension?
hyper
67
Would hyperaldosteronisim present with hypokalemia or hyperkalemia?
hypokalemia
68
What acid-base abnormality would Hyperaldosteronism present with?
metabolic alkalosis
69
What is another name for an Adrenal Adenoma?
Conn syndrome
70
Would Conn Syndrome result in increased or decreased levels of plasma renin?
decreased
71
What two drugs are used to treat Conn Syndrome?
spironolactone or eplerenone
72
What causes Secondary Hyperaldosteronsim?
anything that activates RAAS
73
What would the levels of renin be in Secondary Aldosteronism?
High
74
What renal syndrome mimmics Hyperaldosteronism? Class of drugs used to treat?
Liddle Syndrome
Potassium Sparing Diuretics
75
In what three ways does Liddle Syndrome present?
HTN
hypokalemia
metabolic alkalosis
76
What class of drugs is used to treat Liddle Syndrome?
potassium sparing diuretics
77
What causes Liddle Syndrome?
decrease in degradation of sodium channels in collecting tubules
78
Why does Cushing Syndrome produce muscle weakness?
excess cortisol breaks down muscle to produce amino acids
79
Is insulin high or low during Cushings?
high
80
What does high insulin in Cushings promote?
central adiposity
81
Why does Cushings present with HTN?
cortisol sensitizes vessels to catecholamines
82
Would Cushings present with hyperkalemia or hypokalemia? Why?
hypokalemia
cortisol adtivates MR
83
What acid/base abnormality would Cushings present with?
metabolic alkalosis
84
Why does Cushings present with abdominal striae?
excess cortisol impairs collagen synthesis
85
Does high dose dexamethosone suppress pituitary adenoma?
yes
86
Does high dose dexamethosone suppress ectopic production?
no
87
What causes congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
defects in cortisol production
88
How would 21-Hydroxylase deficiency present in terms of sodium?
hyponatremia
89
How would 21-Hydroxylase deficiency present in terms of potassium?
hyperkalemia
90
How would 21-Hydroxylase deficiency present in terms of blood pressure?
severe hypotension
91
How would 21-Hydroxylase deficiency differ from 11-Hydroxylase deficiency?
11-Hydroxylase deficiency would present with HTN
92
Which molecule is used to screen for all forms of CAH?
17-hydroxyprogesterone
93
Which cancer metastisizes to the adrenal?
lungs
94
Would Addisons disease present with Hypotension or Hypertension?
hypotension
95
Would Addisons disease present with Hyponatremia or Hypernatremia?
hyponatremia
96
Would Addisons disease present with Hypokalemia or Hyperkalemia?
hyperkalemia
97
Would Addisons disease present with acidosis or alkalosis?
acidosis
98
Where are chromaffin cells derived from?
neural crest
99
What is the organ of Zuckerkandl?
chromaffin organ located at bifurcation or aorta
100
Is a pituitary adenoma a tumor or the anterior or posterior pituitary?
anterior
101
What hormone mediates the growth of tissues during acromegaly?
IGF-1
102
In what two classic locations does myxedema produce enlargement?
deeping of voice and tongue
103
What drug can cause hypothyroidism?
lithium
104
How does De Quervain Thyroiditis present?
transient hypothyroidism
105
Is the thyroid tender is De Quervain Thyroiditis?
yes
106
Is the thyroid tender during Riedel Fibrosing Thyroiditis?
no
107
Does Riedels or De Quervains invade local structures?
Riedels
108
Does Anaplastic Carcinoma effect an old or young person?
old
109
Orphan Eye Nuclei are present during which thyroid neoplasm?
Papillary carcinoma
110
Psamomma bodies are present during which thyroid neoplasm?
papillary
111
Which thyroid neoplasm spreads to cervical lymph nodes?
Papillary
112
Which four carcinomas spread hematogenously?
renal cell
follicular thyroid
HCC
choriocarcinoma
113
MEN2B also features what neoplasm?
ganglioneuromas of oral mucosa
114
Does anaplastic carcinoma invade local structures?
yes
115
Where in the gland do β-cells lie?
center
116
Which HLA molecules are associated with Type 1 DM?
HLA-DR4 and HLA-DR4
117
What happens to the islets during Type 1 DM?
inflammation
118
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is present during Type 1 DM?
Type 4
119
What do β-cells become filled with during Type 1 DM?
amyloid
120
What hormone drives the adrenals to undergo hyperlasia?
ACTH
121
Is Waterhouse-Friderichsen acute or chronic?
acute
122
Is Addison acute or chronic?
chronic
123
Why would Addisons disease produce hyperpigmentation?
POMC is cleaved to ACTH and melanocyte stimulating hormone
124
What color is a pheochromocytoma?
Brown
125
Where is the most common location of a pheochromocytoma outside of the adrenal gland?
bladder wall
126
What is the treatment for central diabetes insipidus?
Desmopressin
127
What are two locations of TSH receptors implicated in Graves Disease?
orbital
shin
128
Is Riedel Fibrosing Thyroiditis hard or soft?
hard
129
What are two physical features of cretinism?
enlarged tongue and umbilical hernia
130
What are Hurthle Cells?
metaplastic cells that line thyroid follicle
131
What is nephrocalcinosis?
metastatic calcification of renal tubules
132
Why does high phosphate cause elevated PTH?
free phosphate binds free calcium
133
What stress hormone stimulates glucagon release?
epinephrine
134
Which adrenergic receptor does aldosterone upregulate?
alpha-1
135
By what three mechanisms do glucocorticoids suppress the immune system?
inhibit PLA2
inhibit IL2
INHIBIT HISTAMINE RELEASE
136
Why would Waterhouse-Friedrichsen Syndrome produce hyperpigmentation?
excess ACTH stimulates melanocytes
137
What happens to visceral organs during Acromegaly?
grow
138
By what mechanism does GH produce hyperglycemia?
GH induces gluconeogenesis
139
Which chemotherapy drug can cause SIADH?
cyclophosphamide
140
Which ion can thyroid hormone increase?
calcium
141
Which two specific GAGs increase in the eye durnig hyperthyroidism?
hyaluronic acid
chondroitin sulfate
142
What causes Thyroid Storm?
increased circulating catecholamines
143
Would Primary Hyperparathyroidism have an increase or decrease in ALP?
increase
144
Which two tissues express GLUT4?
skeletal muscle and adipose tissue
145
What drug can be used to treat Familial Hyperaldosteronism?
Dexamethasone
146
What causes Liddle Syndrome?
decreased degradation of sodium channels in collecting tubules
147
What are two common locations of a pheochromocytoma outside of the adrenal gland?
bladder wall
organ of zuckerkandl
148
Name for diseases that can produce a pheochromocytoma?
MEN 2A and 2B
VHL
NF1
149
What is the most common cause of death in acromegaly?
cardiac failure
150
Is Scalloping of the thyroid due to hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism? Which specific cause?
hyper
Graves
151
What is the most common enzyme responsible for congenital cretinism?
Thyroid Peroxidase
152
Would Hashimoto's transiently present with a hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism?
hyper
153
What is the prognosis of Papillary Carcinoma?
excellent
154
What two complaints could an individual with Anaplastic Carcinoma of the Thyroid present with?
Dysphagia
respiratory compromise
155
Which has a stronger genetic predisposition, T1DM or T2DM?
T2DM
156
What color is the adrenal medulla?
brown
