Neuro Flashcards
(198 cards)
1
Q
What protrudes during Spina Bifida Meningomyelocele?
A
menignes and spinal cord
2
Q
What is the most common cause of Hydrocephalus in infants?
A
Cerebral Aqueduct Stenosis
3
Q
What structure connects the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle?
A
Foramen of Monro
4
Q
What structure connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle?
A
cerebral aqueduct of sylvius
5
Q
Which two structures connect the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space?
A
Magenda
Luschka
6
Q
What structure doesnt develop during a Dandy-Walker Formation?
A
cerebellar vermis
7
Q
How does a Dandy-Walker malformation present? (two)
A
massively dilated 4th ventricle
absence of cerebellum
8
Q
What is abnormal during an Arnold-Chiari Malformation Type Two?
A
congenital downward displacement of cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum
9
Q
What does an Arnold-Chiari Malformation Type Two often result in?
A
Hydrocephalus
10
Q
What two anatomical abnormalities is an Arnold-Chiari Malformation Type Two associated with?
A
meningomyelocelle
11
Q
What condition does Arnold-Chiari Type 1 arise with?
A
Syringomyelia
12
Q
What vertebral levels does Syringomyelia often occur at?
A
C8-T1
13
Q
What two senses are lost during Syringomyelia? What is spared?
A
pain and temperature
fine touch
14
Q
Why can Syringomyelia cause muscle weakness?
A
syrinx expansion can disrupt anterior horn neurons
15
Q
Syringomyelia can disrupt what tract that leads to Horner Syndrome? What is disrupted? Where?
A
Hypothalamospinal
disrupted lateral horn
T1
16
Q
Which cells in the spinal cord are destroyed by polio?
A
Anterior horn cells
17
Q
Are destruction of anterior horn cells LMN or UMN?
A
LMNs
18
Q
What is Werdnig-Hoffman Disease?
A
inherited degeneration of anterior horn cells
19
Q
Which tract is disrupted during ALS?
A
corticospinal
20
Q
Destruction of what tract during ALS can lead to UMN signs?
A
lateral corticospinal
21
Q
A defect in what enzyme can be associated with ALS?
A
zinc/copper superoxide dismutase
22
Q
Does syringomyelia damage LMNs or UMNs?
A
LMNs
23
Q
Where does Friedrichs Ataxia have muscle weakness?
A
lower extremities
24
Q
What gene is involved in Friedrichs Ataxia?
A
Frataxin
25
What is the function of Frataxin?
handles mitochondrial iron regulation
26
What is the main cause of death in Friedrich Ataxia?
HCOM
27
What is the trinucleotide repeat of Friedrich Ataxia?
GAA
28
What compose the leptomeninges?
pia and arachnoid
29
What bug can cause meningitis in non-immunized infants?
H. influenzae
30
What immune cells are found and what is the glucose level during viral meningitis?
Lymphocytes
normal glucose
31
What immune cells are found and what is the glucose level during fungal meningitis?
Lymphocytes
decrease glucose
32
What causes death during bacterial meningitis? Why?
herniation
edema
33
What are the sequelae of bacterial meningitis based on?
fibrosis
34
How long does it take for neurons to begin to die due to ischemia?
3- 5 minutes
35
What tumor can cause cerebral ischemia?
insulinoma
36
Which three cells of the brain are most susceptible to ischemia?
cerebral pyramidal neurons
Purkinje neurons of cerebellum
pyramidal neurons of hippocampus
37
What causes a pale infarct? Where?
thrombotic stroke
periphery of cortex
38
What vessels do most emboli from the left heart travel in on their way to the brain?
middle cerebral
39
What part of the brain does an embolic stroke usually effect? What color of infarct?
periphery of cortex
hemorrhagic
40
What vessels are most commonly effected during a Lacunar Stroke? What is the disease process? Complication of?
lenticulostriate
hyaline arteriolosclerosis
HTN
41
Involvement of what structure leads to a pure motor stroke ?
internal capsule
42
Involvement of what structure leads to a pure motor sensory?
thalamus
43
What type of cell proliferates during Gliosis?
astrocytes
44
What is the histological sign of infarction at the cellular level in the brain? How long after infarction?
red /eosinophilic neurons
12 hours
45
What vessels burst during an Intracerebral Hemorrhage? What type of aneurysm? Cause?
Lenticulostriate
Charcot-Bouchard
HTN
46
What is the most commonly affected brain structure during an intracerebral hemorrhage?
basal ganglia
47
Which type of hemorrhage is WHOL?
subarachnoid
48
Which type of hemorrhage produces xanthochromia? Why?
subarachnoid
bilirubin
49
What is the most common cause of an Intracerebral Hemorrhage? Where?
berry aneurysm
anterior communicating artery branch points
50
Other than berry aneurysm, what are the two other causes of an intracerebral hemorrhage?
AV malformation
anti-coagulated state
51
What two conditions can give rise to berry aneurysms?
Marfans and ADPKD
52
What vessel causes an epidural hematoma?
middle meningeal
53
What vessel causes an subdural hematoma?
bridging veins
54
Which type of cerebral hemorrhage is usually caused by a trauma?
subdural
55
Which type of cerebral hemorrhage is most often present in the elderly? Why?
subdural
cerebral atrophy
56
What is a subfalcine herniation?
cingulate gyrus under falx cerebri
57
Which vessel is compressed during a subfalcine herniation?
anterior cerebral
58
What in an Uncal Herniation?
herniation of uncus of temporal lobe under tentorium cerebelli
59
What does compression of posterior cerebral artery cause?
contralateral homonymous hemianopsia
60
What three structures get compressed with an Uncal Herniation?
cranial nerve three
posterior cerebral artery
Paramedian artery
61
What cell is preferentially affected by Metachromatic Leukodystrophy? What happens?
oligodendrocytes
myelin builds up b/c it cant be broken down
62
What enzyme is deficient during Krabbe Disease? Which cell type is affected?
Galactocerebrosidase
macrophages
63
What is impaired during Adrenoleukodystrophy? Two affected areas?
impaired addition of CoA to long chain fatty acids
adrenal gland and white matter
64
What is the haplotype of Multiple Sclerosis?
HLA-DR2
65
What cell accumulates in the CSF during Multiple Sclerosis?
Lymphocytes
66
What protein accumulates in the CSF during Multiple Sclerosis?
Myelin Basic Protein
67
What are the two treatments for MS?
high dose steroids
IFN-beta
68
What virus causes Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis?
Measles
69
What is seen on histology during Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis?
inclusions in neurons and oligodendrocytes
70
What two populations are at an increased risk of Central Pontine Myelinosis?
alcoholics
liver disease
71
When gene is implicated in Alzheimers?
ApoE
72
Which allele of ApoE is associated with higher risk? Lower risk?
epsilon-4 = higher
epsilon-2 = lower
73
Why can Down Syndrome present with early onset Alzheimers?
amyloid-precursor-protein on chromosome 21
74
Familial Early-Onset Alzheimers are associated with what gene? Which form?
Presenelin
one
75
What form of amyloid deposits in Alzheimers?
Amyloid-Beta
76
Why can Alzheimers increase the risk of stroke?
Amyloid-beta can deposit around and weaken vessels
77
Where does tau accumulate? What form?
intracellular
hyperphosphorylated
78
What type of protein is tau?
microtubule associated
79
What specific part of the brain are cholinergic neurons lost during Alzheimers?
nucleus basilis of meynert
80
What two lobes are primarily effected during Pick Disease?
frontal and temporal
81
What is Pick Disease characterized by histologically?
round aggregates of tau
82
What layer of the brain does Pick Disease effect?
cortex
83
What do the effects in the frontal Lobe manifest as regarding Picks Disease?
behavioral issues
84
What do the effects in the temporal Lobe manifest as regarding Picks Disease?
language issues
85
What protein accumulates in the neurons during Parkinsons Disease? Called?
α-Synuclein
Lewy Bodies
86
What is Lewy Body Dementia? Where do these Lewy Bodies accumulate?
early onset dementia
CORTEX
87
What are the three main symptoms of Lewy Body Dementia?
Dementia
hallucinations
parkinsonian features
88
Where are the Lewy Bodies found during Lewy body dementia?
cortex
89
What is the trinucleotide repeat for Huntingtons?
CAG
90
Further expansion of trinucleotide repeats occurs where during Huntingtons?
spermatogenesis
91
What improves a normal pressure hydrocephalus?
lumbar puncture
92
What is the treatment for a normal pressure hydrocephalus?
ventriculo-peritoneal shunt
93
What is the NORMAL secondary structure of prions?
α-helical
94
What is the mutated secondary structure of prions?
β-pleated
95
What is the key histological feature of Spongiform Encephalopathy?
intracellular vacuoles
96
What are the two characteristics seen on physical exam during Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease? How quickly does this develop?
dementia and ataxia
rapidly
97
What is seen on the EEG during Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease?
sharp/spike waves
98
How long does it take for Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease to become fatal?
less than one year
99
Where do most Metastatic Tumors appear in the brain?
Grey-White junction
100
Where are adults primary brain tumors usually located?
supra-tentorial
101
Where are childrens primary brain tumors usually located?
infra-tentorial
102
What are the three most common brain tumors in adults?
glioblastoma multiforme
meningioma
schwannoma
103
What are the three most common brain tumors in children?
medullablastoma
pilocytic astrocytoma
ependyoma
104
What cells is malignant during Glioblastoma Multiforme?
astrocytes
105
Where in the brain does Glioblastoma Multiforme usually arise?
cerebral hemisphere
106
Which brain tumor can cross the corpus callosum?
Glioblastoma Multiforme
107
What are two key histology buzz phrases for Glioblastoma Multiforme?
Necrotic
Pseudo-palisading
108
What specific cells proliferate during glioblastoma multiforme?
endothelial
109
What is the IHC stain for Glioblastoma Multiforme?
GFAP
110
Which two brain tumors shows Psamomma Bodies?
ependyoma and meningioma
111
Where in the brain does a Schwanoma most commonly occur?
cerebello-pontine angle
112
Which brain tumors are S100 positive?
Schwannoma
113
In what lobe does an oligodendroglioma usually arise?
frontal
114
Which tumor 'calcifies in the white matter'?
Oligodendroglioma
115
What CNS tumor has a fried egg appearance on histology?
Oligodendroglioma
116
Is a Pilocytic Astrocytoma benign or malignant?
Benign
117
Where does a Pilocytic Astrocytoma arise?
cerebellum
118
How does Pilocytic Astrocytoma appear on imaging?
cystic lesion with a mural nodule
119
Rosenthal fibers are associated with what CNS tumor? Stain?
Pilocytic astrocytoma
eosinophilic
120
What are Rosenthal Fibers?
eosinophilic processes of astrocytes
121
What is the stain for Pilocytic Astrocytoma?
GFAP
122
What cells is a medulloblastoma derived from? What part of the brain?
granular
cerebellum
123
What embryonic layer is a medullablastoma derived from?
Neuroectoderm
124
Where can a Medulloblastoma metastisize? Called?
Cauda Equina
Drop Metastasis
125
What layer of tissue gives rise to a craniopharyngioma?
Epithelial
126
What can be seen on biopsy during Craniopharyngioma? Resembling?
calcifications
tooth-like appendages
127
When does a woman need folate to prevent neural tube defects?
prior to conception
128
Where two locations is high α-FP found?
maternal blood
amniotic fluid
129
What is the mode of inheritance for Friedrich Ataxia?
Autosomal Recessive
130
How does N. meningitis get into the blood?
through the nasopharynx
131
What virus is the most common viral cause of meningitis?
Coxsackie
132
Is photophobia more common with viral or bacterial meningitis?
viral
133
How long does a Transient Ischemic Attack last?
less than 24 hours
134
How long does a stroke last?
greater than 24 hours
135
What structure is the end result of an ischemic stroke?
fluid-filled cyst surrounded by gliosis
136
Why are Berry Aneuryms weak?
lack tunica media
137
A period of lucidity can be present in what type of hematoma?
Epidural
138
What causes death in an Epidural hematoma?
herniation
139
Which bone is classically fractured during an Epidural Hematoma?
temporal
140
Between what two structures do the bridging veins lie?
dura and arachnoid
141
Atrophy of the brain could cause what type of hematoma?
Subdural
142
What cant get degraded during Metachromatic Leukodystrophy?
myelin
143
What two things get destroyed during Multiple Sclerosis?
myelin and Oligodendrocytes
144
What does the 'Pan' of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis mean?
effects gray and white matter of brain
145
What specific cell is affected during PML?
Oligodendrocytes
146
What is a common cause of death in Alzheimers?
infection
147
What protein is derived from APP?
Aβ Amyloid
148
What happens to the ventricles during Alzheimers? Why?
dilation of ventricles
atrophy of brain
149
Is Aβ Amyloid extracellular or intracellular?
always extracellular
150
What is the function of Tau?
microtubule associating protein
151
Is Tau intracellular or extracellular?
intra
152
What causes Tau to no longer be able to assemble microtubules?
Hyper-phosphorylation
153
What specific part of the Basal Ganglia looses dopaminergic neurons in Alzheimers?
substantia nigra pars compacta
154
What specific part of the basal ganglia is affected during Huntingtons?
caudate
155
What becomes larger during Huntingtons?
lateral ventricles
156
What gets stretched during a Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus?
Corona Radiata
157
What causes a Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus?
decreased absorption of CSF in ARACHNOID granulations
158
What are the three most common sources of mets to brain?
lung
breast
kidney
159
What type of filament is a Glioblastoma Multiforme derived from?
intermediate filament
160
What type of cell is neoplastic in a meningioma?
Arachnoid
161
What brain tumor can present with a whorled pattern?
Meningioma
162
Homer-Wright Rosettes are present in what brain tumor?
Medulloblastoma
163
Which ventricle do Ependyomas most often arise?
4th ventricle
164
Which brain tumor can present with a Perivascular Rosette? What do these structures surround?
Ependyoma
blood vessels
165
What is the only brain tumor in kids that may present as supratentorial?
Craniopharyngioma
166
What does the wall of the neural tube form?
CNS
167
What does the hollow lumen of the neural tubes form?
ventricles
168
What part of the body experiences weakness early on during ALS?
hands
169
What two parts of the CNS are defective during Friedrich Ataxia?
cerebellum
spinal cord
170
What causes a thrombotic stroke?
rupture of atherosclerotic plaque
171
What color of infarct is a thrombotic stroke?
pale
172
Which hematoma is crescent shaped?
Subdural
173
By what mechanism could a tonsillar herniation result in death?
cardiopulmonary arrest
174
What two parts of the brainstem are affected during a Duret Hemorrhage?
Midbrain and upper pons
175
What produces β-Amyloid from APP?
β-cleavage
176
Which arch doesnt close during Spina Bifida?
posterior vertebral arch
177
Does Dandy-Walker present with hydrocephalus?
yes
178
What is the mode of inheritance of Friedrich Ataxia?
autosomal recessive
179
What heart condition does Friedrich Ataxia lead to?
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
180
From outer to inner, what are the three levels of the meninges?
dura
arachnoid
pia
181
What causes Charcot-Bouchard aneurysms?
hyaline arteriosclerosis
182
Viral inclusions within the gray and white matter are indicative of what disease?
SSPE
183
What is the most common cause of death in Alzheimers?
infection
184
Are amyloid plaques intra or extracellular?
extra
185
Which brain tumor displays a 'whorled' pattern?
meningioma
186
What forms if there is a neural tube defect at the cranial end of the neural tube?
anencephaly
187
What is the mode of inheritance of Werdnig Hoffman Disease?
autosomal recessive
188
Does an embolic stroke cause an ischemic infarct or hemorrhagic infarct?
hemorrhagic
189
What is the mode of inheritance of adrenoleukodystrophy?
X-linked
190
What does scaning speech resemble?
drunk speech
191
Which protein composes neuritic plaques?
beta-amyloid
192
Are neuritic plaques intra or extracellular?
extra
193
Which protein composes neurofibrillary tangles?
hyperphosphorylated tau
194
Are neurofibrillary tangles intra or extracellular?
intra
195
Startle Myoclonus is indicative of what brain disease?
CJD
196
Do brain tumors metastisize?
no
197
What does pseudopalasading mean in regards to GBM?
healthy cells surround necrotic area
198
Which brain tumor expresses estrogen receptor?
Meningioma
