ENDOCRINE

Question 1

Exocrine

Answer 1

secretes products through a duct

Question 2

Endocrine

Answer 2

directly into the bloodstream

No duct

Question 3

Both endocrine and exocrine

Answer 3

Pancreas

Question 4

Both hormone and neurotransmittres

Answer 4

NE, Dopamine and ADH

Question 5

**ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)

Answer 5

regulates response to stress, stimulates adrenal cortex

corticosteroids regulate glucose, fat and protein metabolism

Question 6

Pituitary

Answer 6

Anterior (adenohypophysis : gland)

Posterior (neurohypophysis)

Question 7

Prolactin

Answer 7

(prolactin-releasing factor stimulates anterior pituitary to produce it)
female - milk synthesis after delivery
male - increased LH sensitivity and increased testosterone secretion

Question 8

Posterior Pituitary Hormones(produced by

Answer 8

hypothalamus)

Question 9

Posterior Pituitary Hormones(produced by hypothalamus) are

Answer 9

ADH
Oxytocin
GnRH

Question 10

**ADH targets

Answer 10

kidneys
incr. water retention, reduce urine
also functions as neurotransmitter

Question 11

**Oxytocin

Answer 11

Causes uterine contractions and milk ejection (let-down)

Question 12

***GnRH

Answer 12

(Gonadotropin-releasing hormone) stimulates production of FSH and LH

Question 13

***Control of Pituitary: Feedback from Target Organ

Answer 13

Negative feedback

increased target organ hormone levels inhibits release of tropic hormones

Question 14

Control of Pituitary: Feedback from Target Organ

Answer 14

Positive feedback

stretching of uterus  OT release, causes more contraction/ stretching of uterus, until delivery

Question 15

Thyroid Hormones

Answer 15

T3 (triiodothyronine)

T4 (tetraiodothyronine)

Question 16

Thyroid hormones produced by

Answer 16

thyroid follicles - filled with colloid and lined with simple cuboidal epithelial “follicular cells”
***Increase body’s metabolic rate, O2 consumption
calorigenic effect - inc heat production
inc heart rate and contraction strength
inc respiratory rate
stimulates appetite and breakdown CHO, lipids and proteins

Question 17

**Calcitonin produce by parafollicular “c” cells

Answer 17

increase blood Ca2+ , promotes Ca2+ deposition, antagonistic to parathyroid hormone

Question 18

Posterior

Answer 18

Vasopressin

Oxytocin

Question 19

Parathyroid hormone:

Answer 19

Increase blood Ca2+ levels
stimulates osteoclast maturation and mobilization of calcium from bone. promotes synthesis of calcitriol
Increase absorption of Ca2+ 
Decrease urinary excretion
Increase bone resorption

Question 20

Zona Glomerulosis produces

Answer 20

mineralocorticoids

control electrolyte balance, aldosterone promotes Na+ retention, water reabsorption and K+ excretion

Question 21

Zona Fasiculata produces

Answer 21

glucocorticoids especially cortisol, stimulates fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis (from a.a.’s and FA’s) and lipogenesis (release of fatty acids and glucose into blood) anti-inflammatory effect becomes immune suppression with long-term use

Question 22

Adrenal medulla stimulation causes release of

Answer 22

“catecholamines” (epinephrine, NE)

Question 23

Pheochromocytomas

Secrete

Clinical manifestations

Answer 23

caused by tumors derived from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla.

catecholamines.

Hypertension, diaphoresis, tachycardia, palpitations,
and severe headache

Question 24

Insulin (from Beta cells)

Answer 24

secreted after meal with carbohydrates raises glucose blood levels
*stimulates glucose and amino acid uptake
**nutrient storage effect (promotes glycogenesis and lipogenesis)
antagonizes glucagon

Question 25

Glucagon (from alpha cells)

Answer 25

secreted when blood glucose is low, acts on liver cells to release glycogen, increases blood sugar

Question 26

Somatostatin

Answer 26

(from delta cells)

Question 27

Parathyroid on calcium levels

Answer 27

Increase

Question 28

Pancreatic Hormones

Answer 28

Hyperglycemic hormones raise blood glucose | GH, epinephrine, NE, cortisol and corticosterone

Question 29

Hyperglycemic hormones raise

Answer 29

blood glucose | GH, epinephrine, NE, cortisol and corticosterone

Question 30

Steroids

Answer 30

derived from cholesterol: | sex steroids, corticosteroids

Question 31

Hormone Transport

Answer 31

Monoamines and peptides are hydrophilic | protein hormones are transported in the bloodstream, transported free unbound as water soluble form

Question 32

Cortisol

Answer 32

supresss inflammation

Question 33

Hormones mode of action --> 2 types

Answer 33

Hydrophobic hormones | Hydrophilic hormones

Question 34

Hydrophobic hormones

Answer 34

penetrate plasma membrane – bind to intracellular receptors ie. Estrogen, T3, aldosterone

Question 35

Hydrophilic hormones

Answer 35

must bind to cell-surface receptors ie. epinephrine

Question 36

Hydrophilic Hormones: Mode of Action

Answer 36

cAMP as Second Messenger ie. epinephrine 1) Hormone binding activates G protein 2) Activates adenylate cyclase 3) Produces cAMP 4) Activates kinases 5) Activates enzymes 6) Metabolic reactions: - synthesis - secretion - change membrane potentials

Question 37

Myxedema (adult hypothyroidism, low TH)

Answer 37

low metabolic rate, sluggishness, sleepiness, weight gain, bradycardia, constipation, dry skin and hair, cold sensitivity, HIGH blood pressure and tissue swelling

Question 38

Modulation of Target Cell Sensitivity | UP-REGULATION

Answer 38

Low receptor density (weak response) | Increase receptor density / sensitivity --> stronger response

Question 39

Modulation of Target Cell Sensitivity | DOWN-REGULATION

Answer 39

High receptor density (strong response) | reduce receptor density / sensitivity --> diminished response

Question 40

Heart produces

Answer 40

ANP --> increase Na+ and H20 loss by kidneys

Question 41

not red Hyposecretion

Answer 41

inadequate hormone release

Question 42

Endocrine disorders

Answer 42

too much or too little

Question 43

epipheaseal plate

Answer 43

Close 18-21 BEfore gigantism After Dwarfism

Question 44

excess corticol

Answer 44

cushing