NEURO Part I Flashcards
1
Q
2 Divisions of Nervous system
A
Central and Peripheral
2
Q
2 Part of the PNS? How many cranial nerves? How many spinal nerves?
A
Cranial (12) and spinal nerves (31)
3
Q
PNS in in control of ______movement
A
involuntary movement
4
Q
CNS and PNS work together to
A
regulate normal body function
5
Q
Afferent pathways (asc or esc/ and sens or motor)
A
Ascending; sensory
6
Q
Efferent pathways (asc or esc/ and sens or motor)
A
Descending; motor
7
Q
Cortical-spinal tract
A
Cortex to spinal tract
8
Q
Somatic nervous system
A
Motor Pathways regulate voluntary motor control of skeletal muscle
9
Q
***ANS control involuntary movement of _____ , _____ and ______
A
Cardiac, smooth and glandular tissues.
10
Q
What are 2 motor pathways:
A
somatic
Autonomic
11
Q
PNS - 3 divisions
A
Sympathetic ; Parasympathetic, Enteric
12
Q
All neurons
A
Cell body (soma)
dendrites
Axons
13
Q
Clumps of Cell bodies in peripheral are called
A
GANGLIA
14
Q
Clumps of Cell bodies in Central are called
A
nuclei
15
Q
Axon carry potential from what?
A
Carry action potential from cell body to end bulb
16
Q
Neurotransmitter is release at the
A
Synapse
17
Q
Axons Myelinated
A
Carry POTENTIAL FASTER
18
Q
Axons UNMyelinated
A
Carry POTENTIAL slower
19
Q
What is the Neurilemma
A
Schwann Sheath
20
Q
Myelinated “A delta” fiber
A
more ACCURATE LOCALIZATION OF PAIN
21
Q
Unmyelinated “C” fiber
A
long lasting, dull burning aching pain (surgical wound)
22
Q
Multipolar, bipolar , and unipolar
A
Multipolar: many dendrites/one axon
Bipolar : One dendrite/one axon
Unipolar: sensory from skin and organs to spinal cord
23
Q
Sensory neurons: which pathway
A
Afferent pathways; sensory to the CNS
24
Q
1) Motor neurons; which pathway?
2) What are Interneurons
A
Efferent pathways; motor impulses from the CNS
2) Transmit motor impulses from NEURON to NEURON.
25
Support cells are called ? Approximate number in brain
| What does neuroglia means
NEUROGLIA ; 5-10 X
| -Nerve glue.
26
Do neurons regenerate when damaged
No;
27
Astrocytes role
| Comment on BBB
Fill the spaces between neurons
| HAS a PERIVASCULAR FEET that surround the blood vessel in the CNS (form the Blood Brain barrier)
28
Brain tumors are caused by
NEUROGLIAL cells.
29
What is the role of the OLIGODENDROCYTES?
Deposit myelin within the CNS
30
Ependymal cells? Comment on CSF
Line the cavities of the CNS and PRODUCE THE CSF Fluid.
31
What are MICROGLIA
immune cells remove debris in the CNS
32
What are the cells that form and maintain myelin sheath in the PNS
Schawnn cells
33
Which Increase the VELOCITY of the action potential in the PNS
Node of Ranvier
34
Nerve injury and regeneration can ONLY happen in the________ depending on the amount of injury
PNS
35
If it's a ________ nerve better chance of recovery
Myelinated
36
Wallarian degeneration
Axon portion distal portion degeneration
37
Repolarization does what to potassium?
Lets potassium out of the cells.
38
2 types of conduction
Saltatory
| Continuous
39
Saltatory conduction
Signal traveling passively through electronic thread *Jumping around (signals boost and dissipate)
40
When the membrane reaches the depolarization threshold
An impulse is generated
41
synapses
found between adjacent neurons
42
***Synaptic Knobs or Bulbs at presynpatic
STORE THE NEUROTRANSMITTER
43
Synaptic Cleft is the _________
| Neurotransmitter are released across the _________
space between neurons
| Synaptic Cleft
44
Post synaptic membrane.
Plasma membrane of the receiving dendrites
45
Cocaine is also
Selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor
46
Chemical synapse
Ca open channels
Acetylcholine
Na ion opens
Diffuse through the cell
47
NMJ involves _____tranmitter
Ach
48
Neurotransmitters
Ach, glutamate, GABA , serotonin
49
GABA agonist example is
Valium
50
What does GABA
Enhancing the INHIBITORY effect of GABA
51
Cathecholamines
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Dopamine
52
Regulate organ function and brain function
NE and EPI
53
**** Effect of post synaptic neurons
depending which type of neurotransmitter
54
ACH
EXCITATORY (NICOTINIC: EXCITATORY) OR INHIBITORY (MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS) BOTH
55
Norepinephrine
Excitatory: Alpha 1 receptors excitatory
56
Cholinergic receptors responds to which trasmitter
Acetylcholine
57
Ach receptors
Muscarinic or nicotinic
58
Adrenergic receptors - Alpha 2
Located in presynaptic and post synaptic cells
59
Alpha 1 agonist used to treat
Nasal congestion and ophtalmic hyperemia
60
Beta 1 found in
Heart and kidney
61
Beta 1 leads to: _____, ____ , ____ in the heart and _______ in the kidney. Is beta 1 Excitatory or inhibitory?
```
Increase chronotropy
increase inotropy
and conduction velocity
- Increase Renin
Excitatory
```
62
Adrenergic Receptors : Beta 2 act in the ________ and _______. It causes Smooth muscle ________ and ______
Some examples drugs for Asthma/COPD
In the uterus________ Increase
Lungs and Uterus; smooth muscle relaxation; Bronchodilation.
Albuterol, salmetorol, formoterol
Increase tocolysis (premature labor); TERBUTALINE
63
Nondepolarizing NMJ blocking agents act by
Acts by competitively binding to ACh receptors.
64
Examples of NONDEPOLARIZING NMJ blocking agents
Pan ,Vec and Rocuronium
65
Depolarizing NMJ blocking agents Example:
Succinylcholine
66
What does the depolarizing NMJ do.
Depolarized motor end plane, muscle is no longer responsive to ACh.
67
Muscle relaxants 2 types
Depolarizing and nondepolarization
68
Succinylcholine is degraded by
PSEUDOCHOLINESTERASE
69
Used SUCC for
Rapid sequence invitation, pt at increased risk for aspiration
70
Do not give succ to
Hyperkalemic patient
| Spinal cord denervation injury
71
Succ can cause
Bradycardia
| hyperthermia
72
Rocuronium
short onset, long duration
73
Given to patient with renal failure
Cisatracurium and atracurium (use in liver and renal patient)
hoffman elimination --> NONENZYMATIC elimination
74
IV propofol binds to _____ ( ) receptors and hold _____ ions channels open to allow ______ions to enter, this allow _____polarization of the cell membranes
binds to GABA a receptors; Chloride; negatively charged; HYPERPOLARIZATION
75
Where does the Actions potentials begin
Axon hillock
76
_______ carry impulses away from the cell body to _____; ________carry impulses to
the cell body
Axons; end bulb; Dendrites
77
Causes faster transmission by allowing ions to flow between segments of myelin rather
than along the entire length of the axon
SALTATORY CONDUCTION
78
SALTATORY CONDUCTION
Causes faster transmission by allowing ions to flow between segments of myelin rather
than along the entire length of the axon
79
With action potential it is a _____ or _____ response
All or none
80
The presence of ________ dramatically increases the speed at which an action potential moves along an axon.
MYELIN
81
What are the body's natural painkillers
Endorphins
| Enkephalins
82
*****2 possible effects on postsynaptic neurons depending
a)which type of neurotransmitter and receptor.
83
**** Excitatory
Depolarizes the postsynaptic neuron
84
****Inhibitory
HYPERPOLARIZES the post synaptic neuron
85
Acetylcholine receptors in the CNS are _______ and ________
Muscarinic and Nicotinic
86
Acetylcholine receptors in the ANS are _______ and ________
Muscarinic and Nicotinic
87
Acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular are ___
Nicotinic
88
All MUSCARINIC Receptors are _____ _____ _____receptors
G-protein coupled receptors.
89
All muscarinic Receptors are G-protein coupled receptors, how do they mediate CELLULAR Responses through
Second messenger CASCADES
90
What are the subtypes of the muscarinic G-protein coupled receptors
M1, M2, M3, M4, M5
91
What are the excitatory subtypes of muscarinic receptors?
M1, M3, M5
92
What are the INHIBITORY subtypes of muscarinic receptors?
M2, M4
93
Muscarinic receptors acting on the CNS
M1, M4, M5
94
Muscarinic receptors acting on the Heart
M2
95
Muscarinic receptors acting on the smooth muscle
M3
96
Are nicotinic receptors G coupled or ligand gated ion channels
Ligand Gated ion channels.
97
What happens when nicotine receptors are activated / bound to ACh? Which ion channels open?
Undergo a conformational change that allows the entry of sodium ions when bound to acetylcholine.
98
M2 is (Inhibitory/ Excitatory) ______ and what does it do to the heart rate
Slow Cardiac SA node
99
M4 is (Inhibitory/ Excitatory) ______ and what does it do ?
Decreases cAMP second messengers.
100
What are the subtypes of NICOTINIC receptors? _____ or ____
N2 or "Nm"
101
What is the other name for N1
Nn
102
What are the Adrenergic receptors located
Post synaptically of effector organ
103
Subtypes of Adrenergic receptors
Alpha 1 and alpha 2
104
Adrenergic Receptors : Alpha 2, is located in both _______ neurons and ______ cells
presynaptic neurons
| Postsynaptic.
105
Alpha 2 MEDIATE
Feedback inhibition
106
Alpha 2 mediate feedback inhibition and inhibits ______ from adrenergic neurons, inhibits _____ from Choninergic neurons, and inhibits ______release on pancreatic beta cells
- NE
- ACh
- Insulin.
107
Beta 2 does what to the Detrusor muscle of the bladder
Relaxation
108
Beta 2 does what to the Detrusor muscle of the LIVER
Glucneogenesis
| Glycogenolysis
109
Trigger zone does what? What does the action determine?
Net summation of Inhibitory and excitatory
| Determines whether an action potential is generated here.
110
Inhibitory neurotransmitters:
Cause the postsynaptic neuron to Hyperpolarize and become less likely to fire – decreasing synaptic transmissions.
111
Example of an inhibitory mechanisms:
GABA(a) binds to its receptor and causes Cl- ions to flow into the cell, causing Hyperpolarization
112
IV Lidocaine, it is a _____ channel blocker, prevents _______ from entering nerve cell to transmit a signal.
Sodium, Na+
113
A rare side effect (adverse effect) during rapid Anesthesia Induction with
IV Fentanyl or other synthetic opioids.
LEad to ______ dopamine and ____GABA
WOODEN CHEST
| decreased; increased
114
reflex movements of the head & eyes in response to visual stimuli
Superior colliculi:
115
reflex movements of the head & trunk in response to auditory stimuli
Inferior colliculi:
116
3 functions of Medulla oblongata:
Respiratory Control centers: regulates breathing
Cardiovascular Control center: regulates heart beat & blood pressure
Reflex centers: cough, swallowing, vomiting, sneezing
117
2 funtions of pons
Pons:
Relays signals between the medulla and cerebral cortex
Respiratory centers that assist the medulla
118
The floor of the diencephalon is formed by the
HYPOTHALAMUS
119
The ________ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine systems.
HYPOTHALAMUS
120
What structures make up the brainstem?
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
121
List the maters surrounding the brain from the deepest layer to the most superficial layer.
pia, arachnoid, dura
122
Which of the following lies between the cerebrum and the brain stem
DIENCEPHALON
123
Pineal gland is part of the
DIENCEPHALON
124
Which of the following is/are true of the epithalamus?
Forms the roof of the DIENCEPHALON
125
Which of the following is true regarding the pineal gland?
s part of the epithalamus and secretes melatonin.
126
Which of the following is a function of the thalamus?
process sensory information and relay it to the cerebrum
127
The thalamus is often called the "air traffic controller"“Grand Central Relay center” of the brain because it
determines the routing of incoming sensory information to the correct cerebral cortex area.
128
The structure of the brain that carries ascending sensory information to the thalamus is the
midbrain
129
The ________, a narrow stalk, connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.
INFUNDIBULUM
130
The highest levels of information processing occur in the ____
Cerebrum.
