Heme Part I Flashcards
1
Q
Albumins: ______% 60-80 g/L
• Function:
A
(57%)as carriers; control plasma osmotic pressure
2
Q
• α and β globulins (Liver) -
A
Transport proteins for iron, lipids, lipid-soluble vitamins
3
Q
• γ globulins (plasma cells) - immunoglobulins (Ig) =
A
antibodies,
4
Q
IgGs
A
(most abundant antibodies)
5
Q
- Globulins _____%20-40 g/L
- Clotting factors (2-4 g/L
- Prothrombin and Fibrinogen
A
(38%):
5%):
6
Q
Maintain osmotic pressure of blood
A
Globulin
7
Q
Glucose fasting
A
70-100
8
Q
Total Proteins
A
6-8
9
Q
Cholesterol
A
<200
10
Q
Triglycerides
A
<150
11
Q
Most abundant cells and carry what
A
RBC
Carry O2 and CO2
12
Q
PNM (Neutrophils)
A
Leukocytes most abound WBC
13
Q
Eosipnophils
A
Reduce inflammation
attack PARYSITES
14
Q
Basophils
A
Histamine and heparin
15
Q
20-35 % of circulating leukocytes
A
Lymphocytes
16
Q
Phagocytosis; antigen processing and presenting
A
Monocytes
17
Q
Monocytes
A
Phagocytosis; antigen processing and presenting
18
Q
Formed from Megakaryocytes, form platelet plug in hemostasis
A
Platelets
19
Q
Are the most abundant cells of the blood (4.2-6.2 x 106/μL)
____in men; ____in women
• Are responsible for tissue oxygenation.
A
RBCs; 48; 42
20
Q
RBCs have _______And ________
A
Have biconcavity and reversible deformity.
21
Q
In RBCs, what is the purpose of biconcavity
A
provides a high surface to volume ratio for optimal gas diffusion.
22
Q
Reversible deformity:
A
Enables the erythrocyte to assume a more compact torpedo-like shape,squeeze through the microcirculation, and return to normal.
23
Q
Life cycle of RBCs
A
120-day life cycle.
24
Q
No nucleus or mitochondria; cannot divide; constantly replenished erythropoiesis
A
RBCs
25
Blood Type determined by
surface glycoproteins.
26
oxygen-carrying protein
| (
~300 million hemoglobin molecules/RBC)
27
Lymphoid hemopoiesis
Differential of proliferation of WBCs
28
Erythropoietin (EPO) – produced by______ – stim.s______________
kidneys; marrow to produce erythrocytes
29
• Thrombopoietin – produced byr – stim.s____________
live; marrow to produce platelets
30
• (“Leukopoietin”) Leukocyte promoting factors – produced by __________– stim.
differentiation & proliferation of leukocytes
neutrophils, T lymphocytes, Monocytes/Macrophages marrow & lymphoid tissue (production,
31
Reticulocyte count:
Index of erythropoietic activity
• Indicates whether new RBCs are being produced
• Normal range < 1.5%
32
Reticulocyte count means ______
means pathology
| how many new RBC.
33
2.5 million RBC every
second
34
Iron reused in the
Synthesis of new hemoglobin
35
Iron plus
transferrin
36
Amino acids for
protein synthesis
37
Anemia:___________
• Low hematocrit indicates______
Low oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
Low RBC count/volume
anemia (< 38%)
38
hematocrit -
percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs
39
* Normal female range =
| * Normal male range =
38 - 46% (average 42%)
| 40 - 54% (average 46%)
40
• Sickle Cell anemia -
genetic defect
41
Aplastic anemia -
Kidney failure, bone marrow failure, chemotherapy, etc
42
• Hemorrhagic anemia -caused
bleeding
43
• Hemolytic anemia –
RBC destruction
44
Polycythemia: high hematocrit
(>65% )
45
Surface of RBCs contain assortment of antigens
• ABO Blood Group (based on A and B antigens)
• Type A has only antigen A
• Type B has only antigen B
• Type AB has antigens A and B
(membrane glycoproteins)
46
Surface of RBCs contain assortment of antigens
| • ABO Blood Group (based on)
(membrane glycoproteins)
| A and B antigens
47
• Type O has
neither antigen
48
• Most common blood types are
O+ (~38%) and A+ (34%)
49
• Least common is
AB- (<1%)
50
Type A has only
antigen A
51
• Type B has only
antigen B
52
Type AB has
antigens A and B
53
Universal receiver
AB+
54
Universal donor blood type
| Lack ________
O-
| Lack RBC antigen
55
HDN -
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (a.k.a. erythroblastosis fetalis) –
56
People who lack RH antigen are
A-, B-, AB-, O-
57
People who have Rh antigen
A+, B+, AB+
58
Receivers/Donor blood is the problem
Receiver
59
Agglutination is when
antibodies combined with antigens on the RBC
60
Produce histaminas
Reduce inflammation
61
Granulocytes: Membrane-bound granules are in their cytoplasm.
• Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
62
Neutrophils (most numerous, 60 - 70%)
*****Serve as phagocytes in early inflammation
• Nucleus varies in shape (2-5 lobes).
• Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs).
63
Reddish orange granules:
• cells take up reddish orange dye eosin
64
Produce histaminase – reduce inflammation.
| • Increase and attack parasitic infections.
Eosinophils
65
Basophils 3 functions
Dark purple granules contain histamine & heparin.
• Increase at the sites of allergic inflammatory reactions and parasitic infection, particularly exoparasites (e.g., ticks).
• Secrete inflammatory mediators (e.g., histamine, chemotacticfactors for eosinophils and neutrophils).
• Contribute to the local inflammatory response.
66
Basophils 3 functions
*****Dark purple granules contain histamine & heparin.
• Increase at the sites of allergic inflammatory reactions and parasitic infection, particularly exoparasites (e.g., ticks).
• Contribute to the local inflammatory response.
67
MAST CELLS
CENTRAL CELLS IN INFLAMMATION
68
SKIP LEUKOPOIESIS
2 SLIDES 43-45
69
KNOW RETICULOCYTES
DON'T NEED TO KNOW STEPS
70
Platelets
Are irregularly-shaped cytoplasmic fragments formed by
the fragmentation of MEGAKARYOCYTES (2000-3000 per cell).
• Thrombocytopenia - low platelets (tend to bleed)
71
Platelets do not under go
Mitosis
72
normal platelet
1400000 to 340,000
• Live for 8 to 10 days and then are removed by the spleen
and liver.
73
• Plavix (clopidogrel) –
inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation
74
• NSAIDS –
inhibits COX-1 production of thromboxane A2
75
low platelet
Thrombocytopenia
76
Hemostatis 3 stages
Vascular spasm --> Platelet plug --> Blood clot
77
Prostacyclin
Decrease
78
Adhesion then activation
median by the binding of the platelet surface receptors glycoprotein-1b to von willdesbrand factor and collagen of the subendothelium.
79
Activation
Degranulation
ADP
Serotonin
Thromboxane A2
80
Clot retraction and resolution
Plasminogen to plasmin by tea dissolves fibrin (fibrinolysis)
81
Fibrinolytic system
| • Plasminogen and plasmin
• Plasmin degrades the clot.
82
heparin
* Increases activity of Antithrombin III
* Inhibits Factor X
* administered during hemodialysis and surgery
* Often used to prevent clotting of blood when drawn for testing
83
• warfarin (Coumadin)
| •
antagonist to vitamin K so blocks synthesis of clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X)
• slower than heparin & can be given orally
84
• warfarin (Coumadin)
antagonist to vitamin K so blocks synthesis of clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X)
• slower than heparin & can be given orally
85
Prostacyclin
Cyclooxygenase 1 or PGI2 important for prostacyclin
86
ADP
enhances platetlet aggregation
87
Extrinsic pathway
VII and TF
88
ADP
enhances platelet aggregation
89
TFI
circulated in plasma low
inhibits factor Xa
Inhibit factor VII slows down cascade
90
Activates C and S then inhibit
V and VIII
